How can I merge two lists and sort them working in 'linear' time?

I have this, and it works:

# E. Given two lists sorted in increasing order, create and return a merged
# list of all the elements in sorted order. You may modify the passed in lists.
# Ideally, the solution should work in "linear" time, making a single
# pass of both lists.
def linear_merge(list1, list2):
  finalList = []
  for item in list1:
    finalList.append(item)
  for item in list2:
    finalList.append(item)
  finalList.sort()
  return finalList
  # +++your code here+++
  return

But, I'd really like to learn this stuff w开发者_运维知识库ell. :) What does 'linear' time mean?

Linear means O(n) in Big O notation, while your code uses a sort() which is most likely O(nlogn).

The question is asking for the standard merge algorithm. A simple Python implementation would be:

def merge(l, m):
    result = []
    i = j = 0
    total = len(l) + len(m)
    while len(result) != total:
        if len(l) == i:
            result += m[j:]
            break
        elif len(m) == j:
            result += l[i:]
            break
        elif l[i] < m[j]:
            result.append(l[i])
            i += 1
        else:
            result.append(m[j])
            j += 1
    return result

>>> merge([1,2,6,7], [1,3,5,9])
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9]

Linear time means that the time taken is bounded by some undefined constant times (in this context) the number of items in the two lists you want to merge. Your approach doesn't achieve this - it takes O(n log n) time.

When specifying how long an algorithm takes in terms of the problem size, we ignore details like how fast the machine is, which basically means we ignore all the constant terms. We use "asymptotic notation" for that. These basically describe the shape of the curve you would plot in a graph of problem size in x against time taken in y. The logic is that a bad curve (one that gets steeper quickly) will always lead to a slower execution time if the problem is big enough. It may be faster on a very small problem (depending on the constants, which probably depends on the machine) but for small problems the execution time isn't generally a big issue anyway.

The "big O" specifies an upper bound on execution time. There are related notations for average execution time and lower bounds, but "big O" is the one that gets all the attention.

• O(1) is constant time - the problem size doesn't matter.
• O(log n) is a quite shallow curve - the time increases a bit as the problem gets bigger.
• O(n) is linear time - each unit increase means it takes a roughly constant amount of extra time. The graph is (roughly) a straight line.
• O(n log n) curves upwards more steeply as the problem gets more complex, but not by very much. This is the best that a general-purpose sorting algorithm can do.
• O(n squared) curves upwards a lot more steeply as the problem gets more complex. This is typical for slower sorting algorithms like bubble sort.

The nastiest algorithms are classified as "np-hard" or "np-complete" where the "np" means "non-polynomial" - the curve gets steeper quicker than any polynomial. Exponential time is bad, but some are even worse. These kinds of things are still done, but only for very small problems.

EDIT the last paragraph is wrong, as indicated by the comment. I do have some holes in my algorithm theory, and clearly it's time I checked the things I thought I had figured out. In the mean time, I'm not quite sure how to correct that paragraph, so just be warned.

For your merging problem, consider that your two input lists are already sorted. The smallest item from your output must be the smallest item from one of your inputs. Get the first item from both and compare the two, and put the smallest in your output. Put the largest back where it came from. You have done a constant amount of work and you have handled one item. Repeat until both lists are exhausted.

Some details... First, putting the item back in the list just to pull it back out again is obviously silly, but it makes the explanation easier. Next - one input list will be exhausted before the other, so you need to cope with that (basically just empty out the rest of the other list and add it to the output). Finally - you don't actually have to remove items from the input lists - again, that's just the explanation. You can just step through them.

Linear time means that the runtime of the program is proportional to the length of the input. In this case the input consists of two lists. If the lists are twice as long, then the program will run approximately twice as long. Technically, we say that the algorithm should be O(n), where n is the size of the input (in this case the length of the two input lists combined).

This appears to be homework, so I will no supply you with an answer. Even though this is not homework, I am of the opinion that you will be best served by taking a pen and a piece of paper, construct two smallish example lists which are sorted, and figure out how you would merge those two lists, by hand. Once you figured that out, implementing the algorithm is a piece of cake.

(If all goes well, you will notice that you need to iterate over each list only once, in a single direction. That means that the algorithm is indeed linear. Good luck!)

If you build the result in reverse sorted order, you can use pop() and still be O(N)
pop() from the right end of the list does not require shifting the elements, so is O(1)
Reversing the list before we return it is O(N)

>>> def merge(l, r):
...     result = []
...     while l and r:
...         if l[-1] > r[-1]:
...             result.append(l.pop())
...         else:
...             result.append(r.pop())
...     result+=(l+r)[::-1]
...     result.reverse()
...     return result
... 
>>> merge([1,2,6,7], [1,3,5,9])
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9]

This thread contains various implementations of a linear-time merge algorithm. Note that for practical purposes, you would use heapq.merge.

Linear time means O(n) complexity. You can read something about algorithmn comlexity and big-O notation here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation . You should try to combine those lists not after getting them in the finalList, try to merge them gradually - adding an element, assuring the result is sorted, then add next element... this should give you some ideas.

A simpler version which will require equal sized lists:

def merge_sort(L1, L2):
   res = [] 
   for i in range(len(L1)):
      if(L1[i]<L2[i]):
          first = L1[i]  
          secound = L2[i] 
      else:
          first = L2[i]  
          secound = L1[i]  
      res.extend([first,secound]) 
   return res

itertoolz provides an efficient implementation to merge two sorted lists https://toolz.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_modules/toolz/itertoolz.html#merge_sorted

'Linear time' means that time is an O(n) function, where n - the number of items input (items in the lists).
f(n) = O(n) means that that there exist constants x and y such that x * n <= f(n) <= y * n.

def linear_merge(list1, list2):
  finalList = []
  i = 0
  j = 0
  while i < len(list1):
    if j < len(list2):
      if list1[i] < list2[j]:
        finalList.append(list1[i])
        i += 1
      else:
        finalList.append(list2[j])
        j += 1
    else:
      finalList.append(list1[i])
      i += 1
  while j < len(list2):
    finalList.append(list2[j])
    j += 1
  return finalList