Python: how to dynamically set function closure environment

I want to declare a function dynamically and I want to wrap any access to global variables OR alternatively define which variables are free and wrap any access to free variables.

I'm playing around with code like this:

class D:
    def __init__(self):
        self.d = {}     
    def __getitem__(self, k):
        print "D get", k
        return self.d[k]
    def __setitem__(self, k, v):
        print "D set", k, v
        self.d[k] = v
    def __getattr__(self, k):
        print "D attr", k
        raise AttributeError

globalsDict = D()

src = "def foo(): print x"

compiled = compile(src, "<foo>", "exec")
exec compiled in {}, globalsDict

f = globalsDict["foo"]
print(f)

f()

This produces the output:

D set foo 开发者_运维问答<function foo at 0x10f47b758>
D get foo
<function foo at 0x10f47b758>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test_eval.py", line 40, in <module>
    f()
  File "<foo>", line 1, in foo
NameError: global name 'x' is not defined

What I want is somehow catch the access to x with my dict-like wrapper D. How can I do that?

I don't want to predefine all global variables (in this case x) because I want to be able to load them lazily.

What you're looking for is object proxying.

Here is a recipe for an object proxy which supports pre- and post- call hooks:

http://code.activestate.com/recipes/366254-generic-proxy-object-with-beforeafter-method-hooks/

Create a subclass that doesn't actually load the object until the first time the _pre hook is called. Anything accessing the object will cause the real object to be loaded, and all calls will appear to be handled directly by the real object.

Try this out

class GlobalDict(object):

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        self.d = kwargs

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        print 'getting', key
        return self.d[key]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        print 'setting', key, 'to', value
        if hasattr(value, '__globals__'):
            value.__globals__.update(self.d)
        self.d[key] = value
        for v in self.d.values():
            if v is not value:
                if hasattr(v, '__globals__'):
                    v.__globals__.update(self.d)

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print 'deling', key
        del self.d[key]
        for v in self.d.values():
            if hasattr(v, '__globals__'):
                del v.__globals__[key]

>>> gd = GlobalDict()
>>> src = 'def foo(): print x'
>>> compiled = compile(src, '<foo>', 'exec')
>>> exec compiled in {}, gd
setting foo to <function foo at 0x102223b18>
>>> f = gd['foo']
getting foo
>>> f
<function foo at 0x102223b18>
>>> f() # This one will throw an error
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<foo>", line 1, in foo
NameError: global name 'x' is not defined
>>> gd['x'] = 1
setting x to 1
>>> f()
1
>>> del gd['x'] # removes 'x' from the globals of anything in gd
>>> f() # Will now fail again
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<foo>", line 1, in foo
NameError: global name 'x' is not defined