linux之防火墙firewall解读

目录

• 一、常用命令
• 使用firewall-cmd命令管理防火墙
• 二、配置docker0服务到受信任连接
• 三、help 帮助详解
• Zone Options 区域选项
• IPSet Options
• IcmpType Options
• Service Options
• Options to Adapt and Query Zones 适应和查询区域的选项
• Options to Handle Bindings of Interfaces 处理接口绑定的选项
• Helper Options 助手选项
• Direct Options 直接选项
• Lockdown Options
• Lockdown Whitelist Options
• Panic Options
• 总结

一、常用命令

#查看防火墙状态    
systemctl status firewalld
#关闭防火墙  
systemctl stop firewalld
#3、开启防火墙  
systemctl start firewalld
#4、禁止防火墙开机自启动  
systemctl disable firewalld
#5、设置防火墙开机自启动  
systemctl enable firewalld

使用firewall-cmd命令管理防火墙

#  查看防火墙状态：
firewall-cmd --state
#查看防火墙，添加的端口也可以看到：
firewall-cmd --list-all
#列出所有区域的设置:
firewall-cmd --list-all-zones
#查看防火墙已开放的端口列表(默认不开放任何端口)   
firewall-cmd --list-ports
# 查看获取的区域
[root@localhost ~] firewall-cmd --get-active-zones
docker
  interfaces: docker0


注意：所有操作之前都需附带 --zone=public --permanent（指定区域和永久生效）。操作之后需要执行firewall-cmd --reload刷新配置。
# 添加规则 开启80端口（允许80端口通过防火墙）
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp    # --permanent (永久生效)
#更新防火墙规则  
firewall-cmd --reload
# 删除开放的端口  
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public  --remove-port=80/tcp  
# 查看80端口状态：
firewall-cmd --zone=public --query-port=80/tcp

-------------- ip白名单设置 ----------------
#关闭某个端口
#开启某个端口（指定IP可访问） 只允许服务器192.168.1.1/24网段的3306端口能访问
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-rich-rule="rule family="ipv4" source address="192.168.1.1/24" port protocol="tcp" port="3306" accept"
#禁止ping数据包：
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule protocol value=icmp drop'
# 关闭某个端口（删除策略） 
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --remove-rich-rule="rule family="ipv4" source address="10.1.1.14/32" port protocol="tcp" port="80" accept"


# 拒绝所有包：
firewall-cmd --panic-on
# 取消拒绝状态： 
firewall-cmd --panic-off
# 查看是否拒绝： 
firewall-cmd --query-panic

#显示服务列表：
firewall-cmd --get-services
#允许SSH服务通过：
firewall-cmd --add-service=ssh
#禁止SSH服务通过：
firewall-cmd --remove-service=ssh
#显示当前服务：
firewall-cmd --list-services


#临时允许Samba服务通过600秒：
firewall-cmd --enable service=samba --timeout=600

#查看指定接口所属区域：
firewall-cmd --get-zone-of-interface=eth0
#完全重新载入规则（会中断已连接的连接，类似于重启）：
firewall-cmd --complete-reload

注意：打开防火墙后一定要先添加ssh端口到规则中，并重新载入
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-port=22/tcp 
firewall-cmd --reload

二、配置docker0服务到受信任连接

#配置docker0服务到受信任连接
nmcli connection modify docker0 connection.zone trusted

#停止NetworkManager（检测网络、自动连接网络的程序）服务
systemctl stop NetworkManager.service

#修改docker网络接口为内部区域（永久）
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=trusted --change-interface=docker0

#启动NetworkManager（检测网络、自动连接网络的程序）服务
systemctl start NetworkManager.service

#配置docker0服务到受信任连接
nmcli connection modify docker0 connection.zone trusted

#重启docker服务
systemctl restart docker.service编程

三、help 帮助详解

[root@localhost ~]# firewall-cmd --help

Usage: firewall-cmd [OPTIONS...]

General Options
  -h, --help           Prints a short help text and exists
  -V, --version        Print the version string of firewalld
  -q, --quiet          Do not print status messages

Status Options 	状态选择
  --state              Return and print firewalld state					返回并打印防火墙状态
  --reload             Reload firewall and keep state information		重新加载防火墙并保留状态信息
  --complete-reload    Reload firewall and lose state information		重新加载防火墙并丢失状态信息
  --runtime-to-permanent
                       Create permanent from runtime configuration
  --check-config       Check permanent configuration for errors

Log Denied Options 	日志拒绝选项
  --get-log-denied     Print the log denied value			打印日志拒绝值
  --set-log-denied=<value>
                       Set log denied value

Automatic Helpers Options
  --get-automatic-helpers
                       Print the automatic helpers value
  --set-automatic-helpers=<value>
                       Set automatic helpers value

Permanent Options
  --permanent          Set an option permanently
                       Usable for options marked with [P]

Zone Options 区域选项

Zone Options
  --get-default-zone   Print default zone for connections and interfaces		打印连接和接口的默认区域
  --set-default-zone=<zone>
                       Set default zone						设置默认区域
  --get-active-zones   Print currently active zones 		打印当前活动区域
  --get-zones          Print predefined zones [P]			打印预定义区域
  --get-services       Print predefined services [P]		打印预定义服务
  --get-icmptypes      Print predefined icmptypes [P]
  --get-zone-of-interface=<interface>
                       Print name of the zone the interface is bound to [P]
  --get-zone-of-source=<source>[/<mask>]|<MAC>|ipset:<ipset>
                       Print name of the zone the source is bound to [P]
  --list-all-zones     List everything added for or enabled in all zones [P]
  --new-zone=<zone>    Add a new zone [P only]
  --new-zone-from-file=<filename> [--name=<zone>]
                       Add a new zone from file with optional name [P only]
  --delete-zone=<zone> Delete an existing zone [P only]
  --load-zone-defaults=<zone>
                       Load zone default settings [P only] [Z]
  --zone=<zone>        Use this zone to set or query options, else default zone
                       Usable for options marked with [Z]
  --get-target         Get the zone target [P only] [Z]
  --set-target=<target>
                       Set the zone target [P only] [Z]
  --info-zone=<zone>   Print information about a zone
  --path-zone=<zone>   Print file path of a zone [P only]

IPSet Options

IPSet Options
  --get-ipset-types    Print the supported ipset types 							打印支持的ipset类型
  --new-ipset=<ipset> --type=<ipset type> [--option=<key>[=<value>]]..
                       Add a new ipset [P only]
  --new-ipset-from-file=<filename> [--name=<ipset>]
                       Add a new ipset from file with optional name [P only]
  --delete-ipset=<ipset>
                       Delete an existing ipset [P only]
  --load-ipset-defaults=<ipset>
                       Load ipset default settings [P only]
  --info-ipset=<ipset> Print information about an ipset
  --path-ipset=<ipset> Print file path of an ipset [P only]
  --get-ipsets         Print predefined ipsets
  --ipset=<ipset> --set-description=<description>
                       Set new description to ipset [P only]
  --ipset=<ipset> --get-description
                       Print description for ipset [P only]
  --ipset=<ipset> --set-short=<description>
                       Set new short description to ipset [P only]
  --ipset=<ipset> --get-short
                       Print short description for ipset [P only]
  --ipset=<ipset> --add-entry=<entry>
                       Add a new entry to an ipset [P]
  --ipset=<ipset> --remove-entry=<entry>
                       Remove an entry from an ipset [P]
  --ipset=<ipset> --query-entry=<entry>
                       Return whether ipset has an entry [P]
  --ipset=<ipset> --get-entries
                       List entries of an ipset [P]
  --ipset=<ipset> --add-entries-from-file=<entry>
                       Add a new entries to an ipset [P]
  --ipset=<ipset> --remove-entries-from-file=<entry>
                       Remove entries from an ipset [P]

IcmpType Options

IcmpType Options
  --new-icmptype=<icmptype>
                       Add a new icmptype [P only]
  --new-icmptype-from-file=<filename> [--name=<icmptype>]
                       Add a new icmptype from file with optional name [P only]
  --delete-icmptype=<icmptype>
                       Delete an existing icmptype [P only]
  --load-icmptype-defaults=<icmptype>
                       Load icmptype default settings [P only]
  --info-icmptype=<icmptype>
                       Print information about an icmptype
  --path-icmptype=<icmptype>
                       Print file path of an icmptype [P only]
  --icmptype=<icmptype> --set-description=<description>
                       Set new description to icmptype [P only]
  --icmptype=<icmptype> --get-description
                       Print description for icmptype [P only]
  --icmptype=<icmptype> --set-short=<description>
                       Set new short description to icmptype [P only]
  --icmptype=<icmptype> --get-short
                       Print short description for icmptype [P only]
  --icmptype=<icmptype> --add-destination=<ipv>
                       Enable destination for ipv in icmptype [P only]
  --icmptype=<icmptype> --remove-destination=<ipv>
                       Disable destination for ipv in icmptype [P only]
  --icmptype=<icmptype> --query-destination=<ipv>
                       Return whether destination ipv is enabled in icmptype [P only]
  --icmptype=<icmptype> --get-destinations
                       List destinations in icmptype [P only]

Service Options

Service Options
  --new-service=<service>
                       Add a new service [P only]
  --new-service-from-file=<http://www.devze.comfilename> [--name=<service>]
                       Add a new service from file with optional name [P only]
  --delete-service=<service>
                       Delete an existing service [P only]
  --load-service-defaults=<service>
                       Load icmptype default settings [P only]
  --info-service=<service>
                       Print information about a service
  --path-service=<service>
                       Print file path of a service [P only]
  --service=<service> --set-description=<description>
                       Set new description to service [P only]
  --service=<service> --get-description
                       Print description for service [P only]
  --service=<service> --set-short=<description>
                       Set new short description to service [P only]
  --service=<service> --get-short
                       Print short description for service [P only]
  --service=<service> --add-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Add a new port to service [P only]
  --service=<service> --remove-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Remove a port from service [P only]
  --service=<service> --query-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Return whether the port has been added for service [P only]
  --service=<service> --get-ports
                       List ports of service [P only]
  --service=<service> --add-protocol=<protocol>
                       Add a new protocol to service [P only]
  --service=<service> --remove-protocol=<protocol>
                       Remove a protocol from service [P only]
  --service=<service> --query-protocol=<protocol>
                       javascriptReturn whether the protocol has been added for service [P only]
  --service=<service> --get-protocols
                       List protocols of service [P only]
  --service=<service> --add-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Add a new source port to service [P only]
  --service=<service> --remove-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Remove a source port from service [P only]
  --service=<service> --query-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Return whether the source port has been added for service [P only]
  --service=<service> --get-source-ports
                       List source ports of service [P only]
  --service=<service> --add-module=<module>
                       Add a new module to service [P only]
  --service=<service> --remove-module=<module>
                       Remove a module from service [P only]
  --service=<service> --query-module=<module>
                       Return whether the module has been added for service [P only]
  --service=<service> --get-modules
                       List modules of service [P only]
  --service=<service> --set-destination=<ipv>:<address>[/<mask>]
                       Set destination for ipv to address in service [P only]
  --service=<service> --remove-destination=<ipv>
                       Disable destination for ipv i service [P only]
  --service=<service> --query-destination=<ipv>:<address>[/<mask>]
                       Return whether destination ipv is set for service [P only]
  --service=<service> --get-destinations
                       List destinations in service [P only]

Options to Adapt and Query Zones 适应和查询区域的选项

Options to Adapt and Query Zones
  --list-all           List everything added for or enabled in a zone [P] [Z]
  --list-services      List services added for a zone [P] [Z]
  --timeout=<timeval>  Enable an option for timeval time, where timeval is
                       a number followed by one of letters 's' or 'm' or 'h'
                       Usable for options marked with [T]
  --set-description=<description>
                       Set new description to zone [P only] [Z]
  --get-description    Print description for zone [P only] [Z]
  --set-short=<description>
                       Set new short description to zone [P only] [Z]
  --get-short          Print short description for zone [P only] [Z]
  --add-service=<service>
                       Add a service for a zone [P] [Z] [T]
  --remove-service=<service>
                       Remove a service from a zone [P] [Z]
  --query-service=<service>
                       Return whether service has been added for a zone [P] [Z]
  --list-ports         List ports added for a zone [P] [Z]
  --add-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Add the port for a zone [P] [Z] [T]
  --remove-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Remove the port from a zone [P] [Z]
  --query-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Return whether the port has been added for zone [P] [Z]
  --list-protocols     List protocols added for a zone [P] [Z]
  --add-protocol=<protocol>
                       Add the protocol for a zone [P] [Z] [T]
  --remove-protocol=<protocol>
                       Remove the protocol from a zone [P] [Z]
  --query-protocol=<protocol>
                       Return whether the protocol has been added for zone [P] [Z]
  --list-source-ports  List source ports added for a zone [P] [Z]
  --add-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Add the source port for a zone [P] [Z] [T]
  --remove-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Remove the source port from a zone [P] [Z]
  --query-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Return whether the source port has been added for zone [P] [Z]
  --list-icmp-blocks   List Internet ICMP type blocks added for a zone [P] [Z]
  --add-icmp-block=<icmptype>
                       Add an ICMP block for a zone [P] [Z] [T]
  --remove-icmp-block=<icmptype>
                       Remove the ICMP block from a zone [P] [Z]
  --query-icmp-block=<icmptype>
                       Return whether an ICMP block has been added for a zone
                       [P] [Z]
  --add-icmp-block-inversion
                       Enable inversion of icmp blocks for a zone [P] [Z]
  --remove-icmp-block-inversion
                       Disable inversion of icmp blocks for a zone [P] [Z]
  --query-icmp-block-inversion
                       Return whether inversion of icmp blocks has been enabled
                       for a zone [P] [Z]
  --list-forward-ports List IPv4 forward ports added for a zone [P] [Z]
  --add-forward-port=port=<portid>[-<portid>]:proto=<protocol>[:toport=<portid>[-<portid>]][:toaddr=<address>[/<mask>]]
                       Add the IPv4 forward port for a zone [P] [Z] [T]
  --remove-forward-port=port=<portid>[-<portid>]:proto=<protocol>[:toport=<portid>[-<portid>]][:toaddr=<address>[/<mask>]]
                       Remove the IPv4 forward port from a zone [P] [Z]
  --query-forward-port=port=<portid>[-<portid>]:proto=<protocol>[:toport=<portid>[-<portid>]][:toaddr=<address>[/<mask>]]
                       Return whether the IPv4 forward port has been added for
                       a zone [P] [Z]
  --add-masquerade     Enable IPv4 masquerade for a zone [P] [Z] [T]
  --remove-masquerade  Disable IPv4 masquerade for a zone [P] [Z]
  --query-masquerade   Return whether IPv4 masquerading has been enabled for a
                       zone [P] [Z]
  --list-rich-rules    List rich language rules added for a zone [P] [Z]
  --add-rich-rule=<rule>
                       Add rich language rule 'rule' for a zone [P] [Z] [T]
  --remove-rich-rule=<rule>
                       Remove rich language rule 'rule' from a zone [P] [Z]
  --query-rich-rulandroide=<rule>
                       Return whether a rich language rule 'rule' has been
                       added for a zone [P] [Z]

Options to Handle Bindings of Interfaces 处理接口绑定的选项

Options to Handle Bindings of Interfaces
  --list-interfaces    List interfaces that are bound to a zone [P] [Z]
  --add-interface=<interface>
                       Bind the <interface> to a zone [P] [Z]
  --change-interface=<interface>
                       Change zone the <interface> is bound to [P] [Z]
  --query-interface=<interface>
                       Query whether <interface> is bound to a zone [P] [Z]
  --remove-interface=<interface>
                       Remove binding of <interface> from a zone [P] [Z]

Options to Handle Bindings of Sources
  --list-sources       List sources that are bound to a zone [P] [Z]
  --add-source=<source>[/<mask>]|<MAC>|ipset:<ipset>
                       Bind the source to a zone [P] [Z]
  --change-source=<source>[/<mask>]|<MAC>|ipset:<ipset>
                       Change zone the source is bound to [Z]
  --query-source=<source>[/<mask>]|<MAC>|ipset:<ipset>
                       Query whether the source is bound to a zone [P] [Z]
  --remove-source=<source>[/<mask>]|<MAC>|ipset:<ipset>
                       Remove binding of the source from a zone [P] [Z]

Helper Options 助手选项

Helper Options
  --new-helper=<helper> --module=<module> [--family=<family>]
                       Add a new helper [P only]
  --new-helper-from-file=<filename> [--name=<helper>]
                       Add a new helper from file with optional name [P only]
  --delete-helper=<helper>
                       Delete an existing helper [P only]
  --load-helper-defaults=<helper>
                       Load helper default settings [P only]
  --info-helper=<helper> Print information about an helper
  --path-helper=<helper> Print file path of an helper [P only]
  --get-helpers         Print predefined helpers
  --helper=<helper> --set-description=<description>
                       Set new description to helper [P only]
  --h编程客栈elper=<helper> --get-description
                       Print description for helper [P only]
  --helper=<helper> --set-short=<description>
                       Set new short description to helper [P only]
  --helper=<helper> --get-short
                       Print short description for helper [P only]
  --helper=<helper> --add-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Add a new port to helper [P only]
  --helper=<helper> --remove-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Remove a port from helper [P only]
  --helper=<helper> --query-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>
                       Return whether the port has been added for helper [P only]
  --helper=<helper> --get-ports
                       List ports of helper [P only]
  --helper=<helper> --set-module=<module>
                       Set module to helper [P only]
  --helper=<helper> --get-module
                       Get module from helper [P only]
  --helper=<helper> --set-family={ipv4|ipv6|}
                       Set family for helper [P only]
  --helper=<helper> --get-family
                       Get module from helper [P only]

Direct Options 直接选项

Direct Options
  --direct             First option for all direct options			所有直接选项的第一个选项
  --get-all-chains
                       Get all chains [P]							获得所有链条
  --get-chains {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table>
                       Get all chains added to the table [P]
  --add-chain {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>
                       Add a new chain to the table [P]
  --remove-chain {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>
                       Remove the chain from the table [P]
  --query-chain {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>
                       Return whether the chain has been added to the table [P]
  --get-all-rules
                       Get all rules [P]
  --get-rules {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>
                       Get all rules added to chain in table [P]
  --add-rule {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain> <priority> <arg>...
                       Add rule to chain in table [P]
  --remove-rule {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain> <priority> <arg>...
                       Remove rule with priority from chain in table [P]
  --remove-rules {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>
                       Remove rules from chain in table [P]
  --query-rule {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain> <priority> <arg>...
                       Return whether a rule with priority has been added to
                       chain in table [P]
  --passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...
                       Pass a command through (untracked by firewalld)
  --get-all-passthroughs
                       Get all tracked passthrough rules [P]
  --get-passthroughs {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...
                       Get tracked passthrough rules [P]
  --add-passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...
                       Add a new tracked passthrough rule [P]
  --remove-passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...
                       Remove a tracked passthrough rule [P]
  --query-passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...
                       Return whether the tracked passthrough rule has been
                       added [P]

Lockdown Options

Lockdown Options
  --lockdown-on        Enable lockdown.
  --lockdown-off       Disable lockdown.
  --query-lockdown     Query whether lockdown is enabled

Lockdown Whitelist Options

Lockdown Whitelist Options
  --list-lockdown-whitelist-commands
                       List all command lines that are on the whitelist [P]
  --add-lockdown-whitelist-command=<command>
                       Add the command to the whitelist [P]
  --remove-lockdown-whitelist-command=<command>
                       Remove the command from the whitelist [P]
  --query-lockdown-whitelist-command=<command>
                       Query whether the command is on the whitelist [P]
  --list-lockdown-whitelist-contexts
                       List all contexts that are on the whitelist [P]
  --add-lockdown-whitelist-context=<context>
                       Add the context context to the whitelist [P]
  --remove-lockdown-whitelist-context=<context>
                       Remove the context from the whitelist [P]
  --query-lockdown-whitelist-context=<context>
                       Query whether the context is on the whitelist [P]
  --list-lockdown-whitelist-uids
                       List all user ids that are on the whitelist [P]
  --add-lockdown-whitelist-uid=<uid>
                       Add the user id uid to the whitelist [P]
  --remove-lockdown-whitelist-uid=<uid>
                       Remove the user id uid from the whitelist [P]
  --query-lockdown-whitelist-uid=<uid>
                       Query whether the user id uid is on the whitelist [P]
  --list-lockdown-whitelist-users
                       List all user names that are on the whitelist [P]
  --add-lockdown-whitelist-user=<user>
                       Add the user name user to the whitelist [P]
  --remove-lockdown-whitelist-user=<user>
                       Remove the user name user from the whitelist [P]
  --query-lockdown-whitelist-user=<user>
                       Query whether the user name user is on the whitelist [P]

Panic Options

Panic Options
  --panic-on           Enable panic mode
  --panic-off          Disable panic mode
  --query-panic        Query whether panic mode is enabled

总结

以上为个人经验，希望能给大家一个参考，也希望大家多多支持编程客栈(www.devze.com)。