Python : terminology 'class' VS 'type'

Just a simple question : when should I use the term 'class', and when should I use t开发者_开发知识库he term 'type' in Python ?

• is 'class' only for user-defined types, and 'type' for built-in types ?
• or now that everything is a type ... should I use always 'type' even for user-defined classes ?
• ... ?

It is more or less historical: they used to be different a long time ago, which has no practical implications anymore.

Edit: I use "class" when referring to concrete implementations and "type" in a more informal way, when speaking about high level data structures, application arcitecture etc. In my thinking a type is a more general thing, I don't think of every class as a distinct type.

Also, when I use metaclasses (very rarely) I speak of types.

A class is a Python data structure that can be used as a template for instances of that class by calling it, e.g. foo = Foo().

A type is a class that can be used as a template for additional classes by way of inheritance, e.g. class Foo(Bar):

Since Python supports inheritance, all classes can be used as templates for additional classes, which means that all classes are in fact types.

This is especially true since the advent of "new-style classes," derived from object, which unify the type hierarchy of user-defined classes with the built-in types. Classes were always types, but now they are the same kind of types as the built-in types.

Although Python classes are types, I still find the distinction a useful one, so the terms are not entirely synonyms in my mind.

Bonus definition: a metaclass is a class whose instances are classes. In Python, these must be derived from the type class, just as new-style objects are derived from object.

I use "type" to refer to the general case, but I switch to "class" when I'm speaking about attributes.

But it really doesn't matter which you choose.

{} is of type dict. The iteritems() method of the dict class returns an iterator.

This might not answer your question directly, but it might give you a sense of the difference between type and class.

class Card:
   def __init__(self, suit=0, rank=0):
      self.suit = suit
      self.rank = rank
card1 = Card()

Card is a class object, so its type is type.

However, card1 is an instance of Card, so its type is Card.

Within python code type is an object but class is a keyword, so, depending on the context, the words can have different meanings. People with a deeper understanding appear to be comfortable with this.

The type object be used to provide equivalent functionality to the class keyword.

class Base(object):
    _about_base = 'An attribute of Base'
 
class MyClass(Base):
    about_myclass = 'An attribute of myclass'

that = MyClass

this = type( 'MyClass', (Base,), dict( about_myclass='An attribute of myclass' ) )

this and that generated by the above code are identical, and are instances of the type class. You could perhaps say that they are instances of the type type. x = this() is an instance of the this class/type.

x = this()
assert type(this) is type
assert type(x) is this

You could say that an object at run-time is of a certain single type, but by means of (multiple) inheritance it can be viewed as belonging to several classes.