How to test if a dictionary contains certain keys

Is t开发者_运维问答here a nice approach to test if a dictionary contains multiple keys?

A short version of:

d = {}
if 'a' in d and 'b' in d and 'c' in d:
    pass #do something

Thanks.

Edit: I can only use python2.4 -.-

You can use set.issubset(...), like so:

>>> d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
>>> set(['a', 'b']).issubset(d)
True
>>> set(['a', 'x']).issubset(d)
False

Python 3 has introduced a set literal syntax which has been backported to Python 2.7, so these days the above can be written:

>>> d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
>>> {'a', 'b'}.issubset(d)
True
>>> {'a', 'x'}.issubset(d)
False

if all(test in d for test in ('a','b','c')):
    # do something

In Python3 you can write

set("abc")<=d.keys()

In Python2.7 you can write

d.viewkeys()>=set("abc")

of course if the keys are not single chars you can replace set("abc") with set(('a', 'b', 'c'))

Could use an itemgetter wrapped in a try / except.

>>> from operator import itemgetter
>>> d = dict(a=1,b=2,c=3,d=4)
>>> e = dict(a=1,b=2,c=3,e=4)
>>> getter=itemgetter('a','b','c','d')
>>> getter(d)
(1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> getter(e)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'd'

But actually I prefer Paul McGuire's solution

In 2.4, I always use set operations for such purposes. If it's worth a warning (or other kind of msg or exception) when some expected keys are missing, in particular, I do:

missing = set(d).difference(('a', 'b', 'c'))
if missing:
    logging.warn("Missing keys: %s", ', '.join(sorted(missing)))
else:
    ...

replacing the logging.warn call as appropriate, of course (maybe just logging.info or even logging.debug, maybe logging.error, maybe an exception).

The sorted part is mostly cosmetic (I like reliable, repeatable error messages) but also helps a bit with testing (when I mock up logging.warn -- or whatever -- in the tests, it's nice to be able to expect a specific string, and if I didn't sort the missing set the warning string might vary, of course, since sets, like dicts, don't have a concept of order).