What exactly does "import *" import?

In Python, what exactly does import * import? Does it import __init__.py found in the containing folder?

For example, is it necessary to declare from project.model import __init__, or 开发者_如何学运维is from project.model import * sufficient?

The "advantage" of from xyz import * as opposed to other forms of import is that it imports everything (well, almost... [see (a) below] everything) from the designated module under the current module. This allows using the various objects (variables, classes, methods...) from the imported module without prefixing them with the module's name. For example

>>> from math import *
>>>pi
3.141592653589793
>>>sin(pi/2)
>>>1.0

This practice (of importing * into the current namespace) is however discouraged because it

• provides the opportunity for namespace collisions (say if you had a variable name pi prior to the import)
• may be inefficient, if the number of objects imported is big
• doesn't explicitly document the origin of the variable/method/class (it is nice to have this "self documentation" of the program for future visit into the code)

Typically we therefore limit this import * practice to ad-hoc tests and the like. As pointed out by @Denilson-Sá-Maia, some libraries such as (e.g. pygame) have a sub-module where all the most commonly used constants and functions are defined and such sub-modules are effectively designed to be imported with import *. Other than with these special sub-modules, it is otherwise preferable to ...:

explicitly import a few objects only

>>>from math import pi
>>>pi
>>>3.141592653589793
>>> sin(pi/2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'sin' is not defined

or import the module under its own namespace (or an alias thereof, in particular if this is a long name, and the program references its objects many times)

  >>>import math
  >>>math.pi
  >>>3.141592653589793
  etc..


  >>>import math as m  #bad example math being so short and standard...
  >>>m.pi
  >>>3.141592653589793
  etc..

See the Python documentation on this topic

(a) Specifically, what gets imported with from xyz import * ?
if xyz module defines an __all__ variable, it will import all the names defined in this sequence, otherwise it will import all names, except these which start with an underscore.

Note Many libraries have sub-modules. For example the standard library urllib includes sub-modules like urllib.request, urllib.errors, urllib.response etc. A common point of confusion is that

from urllib import *

would import all these sub-modules. That is NOT the case: one needs to explicitly imports these separately with, say, from urllib.request import * etc. This incidentally is not specific to import *, plain import will not import sub-modules either (but of course, the * which is often a shorthand for "everything" may mislead people in thinking that all sub-modules and everything else would be imported).

It import (into the current namespace) whatever names the module (or package) lists in its __all__ attribute -- missing such an attribute, all names that don't start with _.

It's mostly intended as a handy shortcut for use only in interactive interpreter sessions: as other answers suggest, don't use it in a program.

My recommendation, per Google's Python style guide, is to only ever import modules, not classes or functions (or other names) from within modules. Strictly following this makes for clarity and precision, and avoids subtle traps that may come when you import "stuff from within a module".

Importing a package (or anything from inside it) intrinsically loads and executes the package's __init__.py -- that file defines the body of the package. However, it does not bind the name __init__ in your current namespace (so in this sense it doesn't import that name).

If project.model is a package, the module referred to by import project.model is from .../project/model/__init__.py. from project.model import * dumps everything from __init__.py's namespace into yours. It does not automatically do anything with the other modules in model. The preferred style is for __init__.py not to contain anything.

Never ever ever ever ever use import *. It makes your code unreadable and unmaintainable.

Yes, it does. It imports everything (that is not a private variable, i.e.: variables whose names start with _ or __), and you should try not to use it according to "Properly importing modules in Python" to avoid polluting the local namespace.

It is enough, but generally you should either do import project.model, which already imports __init__.py, per "Understanding python imports", but can get too wordy if you use it too much, or import project.model as pm or import project.model as model to save a few keystrokes later on when you use it.

Follow Alex's advice in "What exactly does "import *" import?"

Here is a nice way to see what star / asterisk ( * ) has imported from a module:

before = dir()
from math import *
after = dir()
print(set(after) - set(before))

returns:

{'modf', 'pow', 'erfc', 'copysign', 'sqrt', 'atan2', 'e', 'tanh', 'pi', 'factorial', 'cosh', 'expm1', 'cos', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'log', 'acosh', 'sinh', 'floor', 'isclose', 'lgamma', 'ceil', 'gcd', 'ldexp', 'hypot', 'radians', 'atan', 'isnan', 'atanh', 'before', 'isinf', 'fabs', 'isfinite', 'log10', 'nan', 'tau', 'acos', 'gamma', 'asin', 'log2', 'tan', 'degrees', 'asinh', 'erf', 'fsum', 'inf', 'exp', 'sin', 'trunc', 'log1p'}

I was working with my own module, importing everything explicitly but the list of stuff to import was getting too long. So, had to use this method to get a list of what * had imported.

If the module in question (project.model in your case) has defined a list of stings named __all__, then every named variable in that list is imported. If there is no such variable, it imports everything.