How to redirect 'print' output to a file?

I want to redirect the print to a .txt file using Python. I have a for loop, which will print the output for each of my .bam file while I want to redirect all output to one file. So I tried to put:

f = open('output.txt','w')
sys.stdout = f

at the beginning of my script. However I get nothing in the .txt file. My script is:

#!/usr/bin/python

import os,sys
import subprocess
import glob
from os import path

f = open('output.txt','w')
sys.stdout = f

path= '/home/xxx/nearline/bamfiles'
bamfiles = glob.glob(path + '/*.bam')

for bamfile in bamfiles:
    file开发者_StackOverflow中文版name = bamfile.split('/')[-1]
    print 'Filename:', filename
    samtoolsin = subprocess.Popen(["/share/bin/samtools/samtools","view",bamfile],
                                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE,bufsize=1)
    linelist= samtoolsin.stdout.readlines()
    print 'Readlines finished!'

So what's the problem? Any other way besides this sys.stdout?

I need my result look like:

Filename: ERR001268.bam
Readlines finished!
Mean: 233
SD: 10
Interval is: (213, 252)

---

The most obvious way to do this would be to print to a file object:

with open('out.txt', 'w') as f:
    print('Filename:', filename, file=f)  # Python 3.x
    print >> f, 'Filename:', filename     # Python 2.x

However, redirecting stdout also works for me. It is probably fine for a one-off script such as this:

import sys

orig_stdout = sys.stdout
f = open('out.txt', 'w')
sys.stdout = f

for i in range(2):
    print('i = ', i)

sys.stdout = orig_stdout
f.close()

Since Python 3.4 there's a simple context manager available to do this in the standard library:

from contextlib import redirect_stdout

with open('out.txt', 'w') as f:
    with redirect_stdout(f):
        print('data')

Redirecting externally from the shell itself is another option, and often preferable:

./script.py > out.txt

Other questions:

What is the first filename in your script? I don't see it initialized.

My first guess is that glob doesn't find any bamfiles, and therefore the for loop doesn't run. Check that the folder exists, and print out bamfiles in your script.

Also, use os.path.join and os.path.basename to manipulate paths and filenames.

---

You can redirect print with the file argument (in Python 2 there was the >> operator instead).

f = open(filename,'w')
print('whatever', file=f) # Python 3.x
print >>f, 'whatever'     # Python 2.x

In most cases, you're better off just writing to the file normally.

f.write('whatever')

or, if you have several items you want to write with spaces between, like print:

f.write(' '.join(('whatever', str(var2), 'etc')))

---

Python 2 or Python 3 API reference:

print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

The file argument must be an object with a write(string) method; if it is not present or None, sys.stdout will be used. Since printed arguments are converted to text strings, print() cannot be used with binary mode file objects. For these, use file.write(...) instead.

Since file object normally contains write() method, all you need to do is to pass a file object into its argument.

Write/Overwrite to File

with open('file.txt', 'w') as f:
    print('hello world', file=f)

Write/Append to File

with open('file.txt', 'a') as f:
    print('hello world', file=f)

---

Don't use print, use logging

You can change sys.stdout to point to a file, but this is a pretty clunky and inflexible way to handle this problem. Instead of using print, use the logging module.

With logging, you can print just like you would to stdout, or you can also write the output to a file. You can even use the different message levels (critical, error, warning, info, debug) to, for example, only print major issues to the console, but still log minor code actions to a file.

A simple example

Import logging, get the logger, and set the processing level:

import logging
logger = logging.getLogger()
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) # process everything, even if everything isn't printed

If you want to print to stdout:

ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.INFO) # or any other level
logger.addHandler(ch)

If you want to also write to a file (if you only want to write to a file skip the last section):

fh = logging.FileHandler('myLog.log')
fh.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) # or any level you want
logger.addHandler(fh)

Then, wherever you would use print use one of the logger methods:

# print(foo)
logger.debug(foo)

# print('finishing processing')
logger.info('finishing processing')

# print('Something may be wrong')
logger.warning('Something may be wrong')

# print('Something is going really bad')
logger.error('Something is going really bad')

To learn more about using more advanced logging features, read the excellent logging tutorial in the Python docs.

---

This works perfectly:

import sys
sys.stdout=open("test.txt","w")
print ("hello")
sys.stdout.close()

Now the hello will be written to the test.txt file. Make sure to close the stdout with a close, without it the content will not be save in the file

---

The easiest solution isn't through python; its through the shell. From the first line of your file (#!/usr/bin/python) I'm guessing you're on a UNIX system. Just use print statements like you normally would, and don't open the file at all in your script. When you go to run the file, instead of

./script.py

to run the file, use

./script.py > <filename>

where you replace <filename> with the name of the file you want the output to go in to. The > token tells (most) shells to set stdout to the file described by the following token.

One important thing that needs to be mentioned here is that "script.py" needs to be made executable for ./script.py to run.

So before running ./script.py,execute this command

chmod a+x script.py (make the script executable for all users)

---

If you are using Linux I suggest you to use the tee command. The implementation goes like this:

python python_file.py | tee any_file_name.txt

If you don't want to change anything in the code, I think this might be the best possible solution. You can also implement logger but you need do some changes in the code.

---

You may not like this answer, but I think it's the RIGHT one. Don't change your stdout destination unless it's absolutely necessary (maybe you're using a library that only outputs to stdout??? clearly not the case here).

I think as a good habit you should prepare your data ahead of time as a string, then open your file and write the whole thing at once. This is because input/output operations are the longer you have a file handle open, the more likely an error is to occur with this file (file lock error, i/o error, etc). Just doing it all in one operation leaves no question for when it might have gone wrong.

Here's an example:

out_lines = []
for bamfile in bamfiles:
    filename = bamfile.split('/')[-1]
    out_lines.append('Filename: %s' % filename)
    samtoolsin = subprocess.Popen(["/share/bin/samtools/samtools","view",bamfile],
                                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE,bufsize=1)
    linelist= samtoolsin.stdout.readlines()
    print 'Readlines finished!'
    out_lines.extend(linelist)
    out_lines.append('\n')

And then when you're all done collecting your "data lines" one line per list item, you can join them with some '\n' characters to make the whole thing outputtable; maybe even wrap your output statement in a with block, for additional safety (will automatically close your output handle even if something goes wrong):

out_string = '\n'.join(out_lines)
out_filename = 'myfile.txt'
with open(out_filename, 'w') as outf:
    outf.write(out_string)
print "YAY MY STDOUT IS UNTAINTED!!!"

However if you have lots of data to write, you could write it one piece at a time. I don't think it's relevant to your application but here's the alternative:

out_filename = 'myfile.txt'
outf = open(out_filename, 'w')
for bamfile in bamfiles:
    filename = bamfile.split('/')[-1]
    outf.write('Filename: %s' % filename)
    samtoolsin = subprocess.Popen(["/share/bin/samtools/samtools","view",bamfile],
                                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE,bufsize=1)
    mydata = samtoolsin.stdout.read()
    outf.write(mydata)
outf.close()

---

If redirecting stdout works for your problem, Gringo Suave's answer is a good demonstration for how to do it.

To make it even easier, I made a version utilizing contextmanagers for a succinct generalized calling syntax using the with statement:

from contextlib import contextmanager
import sys

@contextmanager
def redirected_stdout(outstream):
    orig_stdout = sys.stdout
    try:
        sys.stdout = outstream
        yield
    finally:
        sys.stdout = orig_stdout

To use it, you just do the following (derived from Suave's example):

with open('out.txt', 'w') as outfile:
    with redirected_stdout(outfile):
        for i in range(2):
            print('i =', i)

It's useful for selectively redirecting print when a module uses it in a way you don't like. The only disadvantage (and this is the dealbreaker for many situations) is that it doesn't work if one wants multiple threads with different values of stdout, but that requires a better, more generalized method: indirect module access. You can see implementations of that in other answers to this question.

---

Here's another method I've used for printing to a file/log... Modify the built-in print function so that it logs to a file in the temp directory with the current time stamp, as well as print to stdout. The only real advantage to doing this within a script is not having to go and modify existing print statements.

print('test')

test

Copy original print function to new variable

og_print = print
og_print('test2')

test2

Overwrite existing print function

def print(*msg):
    '''print and log!'''
    # import datetime for timestamps
    import datetime as dt
    # convert input arguments to strings for concatenation
    message = []
    for m in msg:
        message.append(str(m))
    message = ' '.join(message)
    # append to the log file
    with open('/tmp/test.log','a') as log:
        log.write(f'{dt.datetime.now()} | {message}\n')
    # print the message using the copy of the original print function to stdout
    og_print(message)

print('test3')

test3

display file

cat /tmp/test.log

2022-01-25 10:19:11.045062 | test3

remove file

rm /tmp/test.log

---

I am able to crack this using the following method. It will use this print function instead of builtin print function and save the content to a file.

from __future__ import print_function
import builtins as __builtin__

log = open("log.txt", "a")

def print(*args):
    newLine = ""
    for item in args:
        newLine = newLine + str(item) + " "
    newLine = (
        newLine
        + """
"""
    )
    log.write(newLine)
    log.flush()
    __builtin__.print(*args)
    return

---

Changing the value of sys.stdout does change the destination of all calls to print. If you use an alternative way to change the destination of print, you will get the same result.

Your bug is somewhere else:

• it could be in the code you removed for your question (where does filename come from for the call to open?)
• it could also be that you are not waiting for data to be flushed: if you print on a terminal, data is flushed after every new line, but if you print to a file, it's only flushed when the stdout buffer is full (4096 bytes on most systems).

---

In python 3, you can reassign print:

#!/usr/bin/python3

def other_fn():
    #This will use the print function that's active when the function is called
    print("Printing from function")

file_name = "test.txt"
with open(file_name, "w+") as f_out:
    py_print = print #Need to use this to restore builtin print later, and to not induce recursion
   
    print = lambda out_str : py_print(out_str, file=f_out)
    
    #If you'd like, for completeness, you can include args+kwargs
    print = lambda *args, **kwargs : py_print(*args, file=f_out, **kwargs)
    
    print("Writing to %s" %(file_name))

    other_fn()  #Writes to file

    #Must restore builtin print, or you'll get 'I/O operation on closed file'
    #If you attempt to print after this block
    print = py_print

print("Printing to stdout")
other_fn() #Writes to console/stdout

Note that the print from other_fn only switches outputs because print is being reassigned in the global scope. If we assign print within a function, the print in other_fn is normally not affected. We can use the global keyword if we want to affect all print calls:

import builtins

def other_fn():
    #This will use the print function that's active when the function is called
    print("Printing from function")

def main():
    global print #Without this, other_fn will use builtins.print
    file_name = "test.txt"
    with open(file_name, "w+") as f_out:

        print = lambda *args, **kwargs : builtins.print(*args, file=f_out, **kwargs)

        print("Writing to %s" %(file_name))

        other_fn()  #Writes to file

        #Must restore builtin print, or you'll get 'I/O operation on closed file'
        #If you attempt to print after this block
        print = builtins.print

    print("Printing to stdout")
    other_fn() #Writes to console/stdout

Personally, I'd prefer sidestepping the requirement to use the print function by baking the output file descriptor into a new function:

file_name = "myoutput.txt"
with open(file_name, "w+") as outfile:
    fprint = lambda pstring : print(pstring, file=outfile)
    print("Writing to stdout")
    fprint("Writing to %s" % (file_name))

---

Something that I have used in the past to output some dictionaries is the following:

# sample dictionary
the_dict = {'a': 'no', 'c': 'yes', 'b': 'try again'}

# path to output to
dict_path = "D:/path.txt"

# script to output file
with open(dict_path, "w") as f:
    for idx, data in the_dict.items():
        print(idx, data, file=f)

The outputted file will look something like below:

a no
c yes
b try again

---

Something to extend print function for loops

x = 0
while x <=5:
    x = x + 1
    with open('outputEis.txt', 'a') as f:
        print(x, file=f)
    f.close()