sys.argv as bytes in Python 3k

As Python 3k introduces strict distinction between strings and bytes, command line arguments in the array sys.argv are开发者_Python百科 presented as strings. Sometimes it is necessary to treat the arguments as bytes, e.g. when passing a path that needn't to be in any particular character encoding in Unix.

Let's see an example. A brief Python 3k program argv.py follows:

import sys

print(sys.argv[1])
print(b'bytes')

When it is executed as python3.1 argv.py français it produces expected output:

français

b'bytes'

Note that the argument français is in my locale encoding. However, when we pass the argument in a different encoding we obtain an error: python3.1 argv.py `echo français|iconv -t latin1`

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "argv.py", line 3, in <module>
    print(sys.argv[1])
  UnicodeEncodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't encode character '\udce7' in position 4: surrogates not allowed

How shall we pass binary data to Python 3k program via command line arguments? An example of usage is passing a path to a file of a user who uses other locale.

Note that the error is a UnicodeEncodeError rather than a UnicodeDecodeError. Python is preserving the exact bytes passed on the command line (via the PEP 383 surrogateescape error handler), but those bytes are not valid UTF-8 and hence can't be encoded as such for writing to the console.

The best way to deal with this is to use the application level knowledge of the correct encoding to reinterpret the command line argument inside the application, as in the following example code:

$ python3.2 -c "import os, sys; print(os.fsencode(sys.argv[1]).decode('latin-1'))" `echo français|iconv -t latin1`
français

The os.fsencode function invocation reverses the transformation Python applied automatically when processing the command line arguments. The decode('latin-1') method invocation then performs the correct conversion in order to get a properly decoded string.

Python 3.2 added os.fsencode to specifically to make this kind of problem easier to deal with.

For Python 3.1, the equivalent construct for os.fsencode(sys.argv[1]) is sys.argv[1].encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding(), 'surrogateescape')

Edit Feb 2013: updated for Python 3.2+, and to avoid assuming that Python autodetected "UTF-8" as the command line encoding

You can do:

sys.argv[1].encode() or, if you know the encoding use it as argument or call bytes(sys.argv[1], 'latin-1').

Both should give you a byte representation of the unicode string.

By default, Python3 uses UTF-8.