Why python has limit for count of file handles?

I writed simple code for test, how much files may be op开发者_运维技巧en in python script:

for i in xrange(2000):
    fp = open('files/file_%d' % i, 'w')
    fp.write(str(i))
    fp.close()

fps = []
for x in xrange(2000):
    h = open('files/file_%d' % x, 'r')
    print h.read()
    fps.append(h)

and I get a exception

IOError: [Errno 24] Too many open files: 'files/file_509'

The number of open files is limited by the operating system. On linux you can type

ulimit -n

to see what the limit is. If you are root, you can type

ulimit -n 2048

now your program will run ok (as root) since you have lifted the limit to 2048 open files

I see same behavior on Windows when running your code. The limit exists from C runtime. You can use win32file to change the limit value:

import win32file

print win32file._getmaxstdio()

The above shall give you 512, which explains the failure at #509 (+stdin, stderr, stdout as others have already stated)

Execute the following and your code shall run fine:

win32file._setmaxstdio(2048)

Note that 2048 is the hard limit, though (hard limit of the underlying C Stdio). As a result, executing the _setmaxstdio with a value greater than 2048 fails for me.

To check change the limit of open file handles on Linux, you can use the Python module resource:

import resource

# the soft limit imposed by the current configuration
# the hard limit imposed by the operating system.
soft, hard = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
print 'Soft limit is ', soft 

# For the following line to run, you need to execute the Python script as root.
resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (3000, hard))

On Windows, I do as Punit S suggested:

import platform

if platform.system() == 'Windows':
    import win32file
    win32file._setmaxstdio(2048)

Most likely because the operating system has a limit for the number of files that an application can have open.

On Windows one can get or set the limit with the built-in ctypes library:

import ctypes
print("Before: {}".format(ctypes.windll.msvcrt._getmaxstdio()))
ctypes.windll.msvcrt._setmaxstdio(2048)
print("After: {}".format(ctypes.windll.msvcrt._getmaxstdio()))

Since this is not a Python problem, do this:

for x in xrange(2000):
    with open('files/file_%d' % x, 'r') as h:
        print h.read()

The following is a very bad idea.

fps.append(h)

The append is needed so the garbage collector does not clean up and close the files