Functional assignment in numpy

Suppose I have two arrays

A = [ 6, 4, 5, 7, 9 ]
ind = [ 0, 0, 2, 1, 2 ]

and a function f.

I want to build a new array B of size the numbe开发者_如何学运维r of distinct elements in ind with B[i] the result of f with parameter the subarray of A indexed by i.

For this example, if I take f = sum, then

B = [10, 7, 14]

or f = max

B = [6, 7, 9]

Is there a more efficient way than a for loop in numpy ?

Thanks

For the special case of f = sum:

In [32]: np.bincount(ind,A)
Out[32]: array([ 10.,   7.,  14.])

Assuming:

• f is a ufunc
• You have enough memory to make a 2D array of shape len(A) x len(A)

You could make a 2D array B:

B=np.zeros((len(A),max(ind)+1))

and fill in various locations in B with values from A, such that the first column of B only gets values from A when ind == 0, and the second column of B only gets values from A when ind == 1, etc:

B[zip(*enumerate(ind))]=A

you'd end up with an array like

[[ 6.  0.  0.]
 [ 4.  0.  0.]
 [ 0.  0.  5.]
 [ 0.  7.  0.]
 [ 0.  0.  9.]]

You could then apply f along axis=0 to obtain your desired result. There is a third assumption used here:

• The extra zeros in B do not affect the desired result.

If you can stomach these assumptions then:

import numpy as np

A = np.array([ 6, 4, 5, 7, 9 ])
ind = np.array([ 0, 0, 2, 1, 2 ])

N=100
M=10
A2 = np.array([np.random.randint(M) for i in range(N)])
ind2 = np.array([np.random.randint(M) for i in range(N)])

def use_extra_axis(A,ind,f):
    B=np.zeros((len(A),max(ind)+1))
    B[zip(*enumerate(ind))]=A
    return f(B)

def use_loop(A,ind,f):
    n=max(ind)+1
    B=np.empty(n)
    for i in range(n):
        B[i]=f(A[ind==i])
    return B

def fmax(arr):
    return np.max(arr,axis=0)

if __name__=='__main__':
    print(use_extra_axis(A,ind,fmax))
    print(use_loop(A,ind,fmax))

For certain values of M and N (e.g. M=10, N=100), using an extra axis may be faster than using a loop:

% python -mtimeit -s'import test,numpy' 'test.use_extra_axis(test.A2,test.ind2,test.fmax)'
10000 loops, best of 3: 162 usec per loop

% python -mtimeit -s'import test,numpy' 'test.use_loop(test.A2,test.ind2,test.fmax)'
1000 loops, best of 3: 222 usec per loop

However, as N grows larger (say M=10, N=10000), using a loop may be faster:

% python -mtimeit -s'import test,numpy' 'test.use_extra_axis(test.A2,test.ind2,test.fmax)'
100 loops, best of 3: 13.9 msec per loop
% python -mtimeit -s'import test,numpy' 'test.use_loop(test.A2,test.ind2,test.fmax)'
100 loops, best of 3: 4.4 msec per loop

Incorporating thouis's excellent idea of using a sparse matrix:

def use_sparse_extra_axis(A,ind,f):
    B=scipy.sparse.coo_matrix((A, (range(len(A)), ind))).toarray()
    return f(B)

def use_sparse(A,ind,f):
    return [f(v) for v in scipy.sparse.coo_matrix((A, (ind, range(len(A))))).tolil().data]

Which implementation is best depends on the parameters N and M:

N=1000, M=100
·───────────────────────·────────────────────·
│ use_sparse_extra_axis │ 1.15 msec per loop │
│        use_extra_axis │ 2.79 msec per loop │
│              use_loop │ 3.47 msec per loop │
│            use_sparse │ 5.25 msec per loop │
·───────────────────────·────────────────────·

N=100000, M=10
·───────────────────────·────────────────────·
│ use_sparse_extra_axis │ 35.6 msec per loop │
│              use_loop │ 43.3 msec per loop │
│            use_sparse │ 91.5 msec per loop │
│        use_extra_axis │  150 msec per loop │
·───────────────────────·────────────────────·

N=100000, M=50
·───────────────────────·────────────────────·
│            use_sparse │ 94.1 msec per loop │
│              use_loop │  107 msec per loop │
│ use_sparse_extra_axis │  170 msec per loop │
│        use_extra_axis │  272 msec per loop │
·───────────────────────·────────────────────·

N=10000, M=50
·───────────────────────·────────────────────·
│              use_loop │ 10.9 msec per loop │
│            use_sparse │ 11.7 msec per loop │
│ use_sparse_extra_axis │ 15.1 msec per loop │
│        use_extra_axis │ 25.4 msec per loop │
·───────────────────────·────────────────────·

I don't think you can get away from the loop, but perhaps making use of scipy's sparse matrices will be more efficient.

[f(v) for v in scipy.sparse.coo_matrix((A, (ind, range(len(A))))).tolil().data]

Another possibility,

from operator import itemgetter
from itertools import groupby

A = [ 6, 4, 5, 7, 9 ]
ind = [ 0, 0, 2, 1, 2 ]

z = zip(ind,A)
z.sort()

fst,snd = itemgetter(0), itemgetter(1)
g = groupby(z,fst)

f = sum
# or 
# f = max

for i in g:
    print i[0],f(snd(j) for j in i[1])

At least for adding, this works

import numpy as np

def op_at(f, ind, vals):
    base = np.zeros(np.max(ind)+1)
    f.at(base, ind, vals)
    return base

print op_at(np.add, [ 0, 0, 2, 1, 2], [ 6, 4, 5, 7, 9])

> [ 10.   7.  14.]

Unfortunately it doesn't appear to work for max.