How to create abstract properties in python abstract classes?

In the following code, I create a base abstract class Base. I want all the classes that inherit from Base to provide the name property, so I made this property an @abstractmethod.

Then I created a subclass of Base, called Base_1, which is meant to supply some functionality, but still remain abstract. There is no name property in Base_1, but nevertheless python instatinates an object of that cla开发者_StackOverflow社区ss without an error. How does one create abstract properties?

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

class Base(object):
# class Base(metaclass = ABCMeta): <- Python 3
    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
    def __init__(self, str_dir_config):
        self.str_dir_config = str_dir_config
    
    @abstractmethod
    def _do_stuff(self, signals):
        pass
    
    @property    
    @abstractmethod
    def name(self):
        """This property will be supplied by the inheriting classes
        individually.
        """
        pass
    

class Base1(Base):
    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
    """This class does not provide the name property and should
    raise an error.
    """
    def __init__(self, str_dir_config):
        super(Base1, self).__init__(str_dir_config)
        # super().__init__(str_dir_config) <- Python 3
    
    def _do_stuff(self, signals):
        print "Base_1 does stuff"
        # print("Base_1 does stuff") <- Python 3

class C(Base1):
    @property
    def name(self):
        return "class C"
    

if __name__ == "__main__":
    b1 = Base1("abc")

Since Python 3.3 a bug was fixed meaning the property() decorator is now correctly identified as abstract when applied to an abstract method.

Note: Order matters, you have to use @property above @abstractmethod

Python 3.3+: (python docs):

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class C(ABC):
    @property
    @abstractmethod
    def my_abstract_property(self):
        ...

Python 2: (python docs)

from abc import ABC, abstractproperty

class C(ABC):
    @abstractproperty
    def my_abstract_property(self):
        ...

Until Python 3.3, you cannot nest @abstractmethod and @property.

Use @abstractproperty to create abstract properties (docs).

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod, abstractproperty

class Base(object):
    # ...
    @abstractproperty
    def name(self):
        pass

The code now raises the correct exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "foo.py", line 36, in 
    b1 = Base_1('abc')  
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Base_1 with abstract methods name

Based on James answer above

def compatibleabstractproperty(func):

    if sys.version_info > (3, 3):             
        return property(abstractmethod(func))
    else:
        return abstractproperty(func)

and use it as a decorator

@compatibleabstractproperty
def env(self):
    raise NotImplementedError()

In python 3.6+, you can also anotate a variable without providing a default. I find this to be a more concise way to make it abstract.

class Base():
    name: str
    
    def print_name(self):
        print(self.name)  # will raise an Attribute error at runtime if `name` isn't defined in subclass

class Base_1(Base):
    name = "base one"

it may also be used to force you to initialize the variable in the __new__ or __init__ methods

As another example, the following code will fail when you try to initialize the Base_1 class

    class Base():
        name: str

        def __init__(self):
            self.print_name()

    class Base_1(Base):
        _nemo = "base one"
    
    b = Base_1() 

AttributeError: 'Base_1' object has no attribute 'name'

Using the @property decorator in the abstract class (as recommended in the answer by James) works if you want the required instance level attributes to use the property decorator as well.

If you don't want to use the property decorator, you can use super(). I ended up using something like the __post_init__() from dataclasses and it gets the desired functionality for instance level attributes:

import abc
from typing import List

class Abstract(abc.ABC):
    """An ABC with required attributes.

    Attributes:
        attr0
        attr1 
    """

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def __init__(self):
        """Forces you to implement __init__ in 'Concrete'. 
        Make sure to call __post_init__() from inside 'Concrete'."""

    def __post_init__(self):
        self._has_required_attributes()
        # You can also type check here if you want.

    def _has_required_attributes(self):
        req_attrs: List[str] = ['attr0', 'attr1']
        for attr in req_attrs:
            if not hasattr(self, attr):
                raise AttributeError(f"Missing attribute: '{attr}'")

class Concrete(Abstract):

    def __init__(self, attr0, attr1):
        self.attr0 = attr0
        self.attr1 = attr1
        self.attr2 = "some value" # not required
        super().__post_init__() # Enforces the attribute requirement.

For example, you can define the abstract getter, setter and deleter with @abstractmethod and @property, @name.setter or @name.deleter in Person abstract class as shown below. *@abstractmethod must be the innermost decorator otherwise error occurs:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Person(ABC):

    @property
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def name(self): # Abstract getter
        pass

    @name.setter
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def name(self, name): # Abstract setter
        pass

    @name.deleter
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def name(self): # Abstract deleter
        pass

Then, you can extend Person abstract class with Student class, override the abstract getter, setter and deleter in Student class, instantiate Student class and call the getter, setter and deleter as shown below:

class Student(Person):

    def __init__(self, name):
        self._name = name
    
    @property
    def name(self): # Overrides abstract getter
        return self._name
    
    @name.setter
    def name(self, name): # Overrides abstract setter
        self._name = name
    
    @name.deleter
    def name(self): # Overrides abstract deleter 
        del self._name

obj = Student("John") # Instantiates "Student" class
print(obj.name) # Getter
obj.name = "Tom" # Setter
print(obj.name) # Getter
del obj.name # Deleter
print(hasattr(obj, "name"))

Output:

John
Tom
False

Actually, even if you don't override the abstract setter and deleter in Student class and instantiate Student class as shown below:

class Student(Person): # Extends "Person" class
    
    def __init__(self, name):
        self._name = name
    
    @property
    def name(self): # Overrides only abstract getter
        return self._name

    # @name.setter
    # def name(self, name): # Overrides abstract setter
    #     self._name = name
    
    # @name.deleter
    # def name(self): # Overrides abstract deleter 
    #     del self._name

obj = Student("John") # Instantiates "Student" class
# ...

No error occurs as shown below:

John
Tom
False

But, if you don't override the abstract getter, setter and deleter in Student class and instantiate Student class as shown below:

class Student(Person): # Extends "Person" class
    
    def __init__(self, name):
        self._name = name
    
    # @property
    # def name(self): # Overrides only abstract getter
    #     return self._name

    # @name.setter
    # def name(self, name): # Overrides abstract setter
    #     self._name = name
    
    # @name.deleter
    # def name(self): # Overrides abstract deleter 
    #     del self._name

obj = Student("John") # Instantiates "Student" class
# ...

The error below occurs:

TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Student with abstract methods name

And, if you don't override the abstract getter in Student class and instantiate Student class as shown below:

class Student(Person): # Extends "Person" class
    
    def __init__(self, name):
        self._name = name
    
    # @property
    # def name(self): # Overrides only abstract getter
    #     return self._name

    @name.setter
    def name(self, name): # Overrides abstract setter
        self._name = name
    
    @name.deleter
    def name(self): # Overrides abstract deleter 
        del self._name

obj = Student("John") # Instantiates "Student" class
# ...

The error below occurs:

NameError: name 'name' is not defined

And, if @abstractmethod is not the innermost decorator as shown below:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Person(ABC):

    @abstractmethod # Not the innermost decorator
    @property
    def name(self): # Abstract getter
        pass

    @name.setter
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def name(self, name): # Abstract setter
        pass

    @name.deleter
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def name(self): # Abstract deleter
        pass

The error below occurs:

AttributeError: attribute 'isabstractmethod' of 'property' objects is not writable

Another possible solution is to use metaclasses.

A minimal example can look like this:

class BaseMetaClass(type):
    def __new__(mcls, class_name, bases, attrs):
        required_attrs = ('foo', 'bar')
        for attr in required_attrs:
            if not attr in attrs:
                raise RunTimeError(f"You need to set {attr} in {class_name}")
        return super().__new__(mcls, class_name, bases, attrs)


class Base(metaclass=BaseMeta):
    foo: str
    bar: int

One advantage of this approach is that the check will happen at definition time (not instantiation).

Also, setting class attributes in child classes is a bit easier than declaring properties (as long as they are simple values known in advance) and your final classes will look more concise