Python generators and coroutines

I am studying coroutines and generators in various programming languages.

I was wondering if there is a cleaner way to combine together two coroutines implemented via generators than yielding back at the caller whatever the callee yields?

Let's say that we are using the following convention: all yields apart from the last one return null, while the last one returns the result of the coroutine. So, for example, we could have a coroutine that invokes another:

def A():
  # yield until a certain condition is met
  yield result

def B():
  # do something that may or may not yield
  x = bind(A())
  # ...
  return result

in this case I wish th开发者_如何学Pythonat through bind (which may or may not be implementable, that's the question) the coroutine B yields whenever A yields until A returns its final result, which is then assigned to x allowing B to continue.

I suspect that the actual code should explicitly iterate A so:

def B():
  # do something that may or may not yield
  for x in A(): ()
  # ...
  return result

which is a tad ugly and error prone...

PS: it's for a game where the users of the language will be the designers who write scripts (script = coroutine). Each character has an associated script, and there are many sub-scripts which are invoked by the main script; consider that, for example, run_ship invokes many times reach_closest_enemy, fight_with_closest_enemy, flee_to_allies, and so on. All these sub-scripts need to be invoked the way you describe above; for a developer this is not a problem, but for a designer the less code they have to write the better!

Edit: I recommend using Greenlet. But if you're interested in a pure Python approach, read on.

This is addressed in PEP 342, but it's somewhat tough to understand at first. I'll try to explain simply how it works.

First, let me sum up what I think is the problem you're really trying to solve.

Problem

You have a callstack of generator functions calling other generator functions. What you really want is to be able to yield from the generator at the top, and have the yield propagate all the way down the stack.

The problem is that Python does not (at a language level) support real coroutines, only generators. (But, they can be implemented.) Real coroutines allow you to halt an entire stack of function calls and switch to a different stack. Generators only allow you to halt a single function. If a generator f() wants to yield, the yield statement has to be in f(), not in another function that f() calls.

The solution that I think you're using now, is to do something like in Simon Stelling's answer (i.e. have f() call g() by yielding all of g()'s results). This is very verbose and ugly, and you're looking for syntax sugar to wrap up that pattern. Note that this essentially unwinds the stack every time you yield, and then winds it back up again afterwards.

Solution

There is a better way to solve this problem. You basically implement coroutines by running your generators on top of a "trampoline" system.

To make this work, you need to follow a couple patterns: 1. When you want to call another coroutine, yield it. 2. Instead of returning a value, yield it.

so

def f():
    result = g()
    # …
    return return_value

becomes

def f():
    result = yield g()
    # …
    yield return_value

Say you're in f(). The trampoline system called f(). When you yield a generator (say g()), the trampoline system calls g() on your behalf. Then when g() has finished yielding values, the trampoline system restarts f(). This means that you're not actually using the Python stack; the trampoline system manages a callstack instead.

When you yield something other than a generator, the trampoline system treats it as a return value. It passes that value back to the caller generator through the yield statement (using .send() method of generators).

Comments

This kind of system is extremely important and useful in asynchronous applications, like those using Tornado or Twisted. You can halt an entire callstack when it's blocked, go do something else, and then come back and continue execution of the first callstack where it left off.

The drawback of the above solution is that it requires you to write essentially all your functions as generators. It may be better to use an implementation of true coroutines for Python - see below.

Alternatives

There are several implementations of coroutines for Python, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroutine#Implementations_for_Python

Greenlet is an excellent choice. It is a Python module that modifies the CPython interpreter to allow true coroutines by swapping out the callstack.

Python 3.3 should provide syntax for delegating to a subgenerator, see PEP 380.

Are you looking for something like this?

def B():
   for x in A():
     if x is None:
       yield
     else:
       break

   # continue, x contains value A yielded