Python中异步HTTP客户端/服务器框架aiohttp的使用全面指南
目录
- 什么是 aiohttp
- 核心优势
- 基础用法 - http://www.devze.comHTTP客户端
- 安装
- 基本GET请求
- POST请求示例
- 高级用法
- 并发请求
- 超时控制
- 流式处理大响应
- 服务器端开发
- 基本HTTP服务器
- REST API示例
- WebSocket服务器
- 进阶扩展
- 中间件示例
- HTTP/2客户端支持
- 性能优化配置
- 最佳实践
- 完整示例
- 总结
什么是 aiohttp
aiohttp 是一个基于 python asyncio 的异步 HTTP 客户端/服务器框架,专为高性能网络编程设计。它提供了:
- 异步 HTTP 客户端(类似异步版 requests)
- 异步 HTTP 服务器(类似异步版 Flask/Django)
- 完整的 WebSocket 支持
- 高效的连接池管理
核心优势
特性 | 描述 |
---|---|
异步非阻塞 | 单线程处理数千并发连接 |
高性能 | 远超同步框架(如 requests)的吞吐量 |
轻量级 | 简洁的API,无复杂依赖 |
全面协议支持 | HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2(客户端), WebSocket |
生态完善 | 良好文档和活跃社区 |
基础用法 - HTTP客户端
安装
pip install aiohttp
基本GET请求
import aiohttp import asyncio async def main(): async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session: async with session.get('https://api.example.com/data') as response: print("状态码:", response.status) print("响应内容:", await response.text()) asyncio.run(main())
POST请求示例
async def post_example(): async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session: # 表单数据 async with session.post( 'https://httpbin.org/post', data={'key': 'value'} ) as response: print(await response.json()) # JSON数据 async with session.post( 'https://api.example.com/users', json={'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30} ) as response: print(await response.json())
高级用法
并发请求
async def fetch(url): async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session: async with session.get(url) as response: return await response.text() async def concurrent_requests(): urls = [ 'https://api.example.com/item/1', 'https://api.example.com/item/2', 'https://api.example.com/item/3' ] tasks = [fetch(url) for url in urls] results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks) for url, content in zip(urls, results): print(f"{url}: {content[:50]}...") asyncio.run(concurrent_requests())
超时控制
pythonasync def timeout_example(): timeout = aiohttp.ClientTimeout(total=5) # 5秒总超时 async with aiohttp.ClientSession(timeout=timeout) as session: try: async with session.get('https://slow-api.example.com') as response: return await response.text() except asyncio.TimeoutError: print("请求超时!")
流式处理大响应
async def stream_response(): async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session: async with session.get('https://large-file.example.com') as response: with open('large_file.txt', 'wb') as f: async for chunk in response.content.iter_chunked(1024): f.write(chunk) print(f"已接收 {len(chunk)} 字节")
服务器端开发
基本HTTP服务器
from aiohttp import web async def handle(request): name = request.match_info.get('name', "World") return web.Response(text=f"Hello, {name}!") app = web.Application() app.add_routes([ web.get('/', handle), web.get('/{name}', handle) ]) if __name__ == '__main__': web.run_app(app, port=8080)
REST API示例
async def get_users(request): users = [{'id': 1, 'name': 'Alice'}, {'id': 2, 'name': 'Bob'}] return web.json_response(users) async def create_user(request): data = await request.json() # 实际应用中这里会保存到数据库 return web.json_response({'id': 3, **data}, status=201) app = web.Application() app.add_routes([ web.get('/api/users', get_users), web.post('/api/users', create_user) ])
WebSocket服务器
async def websocket_handler(request): ws = web.WebSocketResponse() await ws.prepare(request) async for msg in ws: if msg.type == aiohttp.WSMsgType.TEXT: if msg.data == 'close': await ws.close() else: await ws.send_str(f"ECHO: {msg.data}") elif msg.type == aiohttp.WSMsgType.ERROR: print('WebSocket连接异常关闭') return ws app.add_routes([web.get('/ws', websocket_handler)])
进阶扩展
中间件示例
async def auth_middleware(app, handler): async def middleware(request): # 验证API密钥 if request.headers.get('X-API-Key') != 'SECRET_KEY': return web.json_response({'error': 'Unauthoriz编程客栈ed'}, status=401) return await handler(request) return middleware app = web.Application(middlewares=[auth_middleware])
HTTP/2客户端支持
async def http2_request(): conn = aiohttp.TCPConnector(force_close=True, enable_cleanup_closed=True) async with aiohttp.ClientSession(connector=conn) as session: async with session编程.get( 'https://http2.akamai.com/', headers={'accept': 'text/html'} ) as response: print("HTTP版本:", response.version) print("内容:", await response.text()[:200])
性能优化配置
# 自定义连接器配置 connector = aiohttp.编程客栈TCPConnector( limit=100, # 最大并发连接数 limit_per_host=20, # 单主机最大连接数 ssl=False, # 禁用SSL验证(仅用于测试) force_close=True # 避免连接延迟关闭 ) # 自定义会话配置 session = aiohttp.ClientSession( connector=connector, timeout=aiohttp.ClientTimeout(total=30), headers={'User-Agent': 'MyApp/1.0'}, cookie_jar=aiohttp.CookieJar(unsafe=True) )
最佳实践
重用ClientSession:避免为每个请求创建新会话
使用连接池:合理配置TCPConnector参数
超时设置:总是配置合理的超时时间
资源清理:使用async with确保资源释放
错误处理:捕获并处理常见网络异常
try: async with session.get(url) as response: response.raise_for_status() return await response.json() except aiohttp.ClientError as e: print(f"请求错误: {e}")
完整示例
import aiohttp import asyncio from aiohttp import web # 客户端示例 async def fetch_data(): async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session: # 并发请求多个API urls = [ 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1', 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/comments/1', 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/albums/1' ] tasks = [] for url in urls: tasks.append(session.get(url)) responses = await asyncio.gather(*tasks) results = [] for response in responses: results.append(await response.json()) return results # 服务器示例 async def handle_index(request): return web.Response(text="Welcome to aiohttp server!") async def handle_api(request): data = await fetch_data() return web.json_response(data) # 创建应用 app = web.Application() app.add_routes([ web.get('/', handle_index), web.get('/api', handle_api) ]) # 启动服务器 async def start_server(): runner = web.AppRunner(app) await runner.setup() site = web.TCPSite(runner, 'localhost', 8080) await site.start() print("Server running at http://localhost:8080") # 保持运行 while True: await asyncio.sleep(3600) # 每小时唤醒一次 if __name__ == '__main__': asyncio.run(start_server())
总结
aiohttp 是 Python 异步生态中处理 HTTP 通信的首选工具,它提供了:
- 高效客户端:用于高性能爬虫、API调用
- 轻量级服务器:构建高性能Web服务和API
- WebSocket支持:实现实时双向通信
- 连接池管理:优化资源利用率
通过合理利用 aiohttp 的异步特性,开发者可以轻松构建出能够处理数万并发连接的高性能网络应用,同时保持代码的简洁性和可维护性。
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