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Redis中AOF与RDB持久化策略深入分析

目录
  • 写在前面
  • 一、Redis为什么要持久化
  • 二、Redis的持久化方式
    • 2.1. AOF持久化(Append of file)
      • 2.1.1 fsync 系统调用
      • 2.1.2 AOF持久化策略
      • 2.1.3 aof_rewrite
    • 2.2 RDB快照(redis默认持久化方式)
      • 触发方式(自动触发和非自动触发)
    • 2.3 RDB和AOF混用
      • 2.4 三种持久化方式比较
      • 三、什么是大key以及大key对持久化的影响
        • 3.1 什么是大key
          • 3.2 fork进程写时复制原理
            • 3.3 面试题-大key对持久化有什么影响
            • 四、持久化源码分析
              • 4.1 RDB持久化
                • 4.1.1 RDB文件的创建
                • 4.1.2 RDB文件的载入
              • 4.2 AOF持久化
                • 4.2.1 AOF持久化实现
                • 4.2.2 源码分析

            写在前面

            以下内容是基于Redis 6.2.6 版本整理编程总结

            一、Redis为什么要持久化

            Redis 是一个内存数据库,就是将数据库中的内容保存在内存中,这与传统的mysql,oracle等关系型数据库直接将内容保存到硬盘中相比,内存数据库的读写效率比传统数据库要快的多(内存的读写效率远远大于硬盘的读写效率)。但是内存中存储的缺点就是,一旦断电或者宕机,那么内存数据库中的数据将会全部丢失。而且,有时候redis需要重启,要加载回原来的状态,也需要持久化重启之前的状态。

            为了解决这个缺点,Redis提供了将内存数据持久化到硬盘,以及用持久化文件来恢复数据库数据的功能。Redis 支持两种形式的持久化,一种是RDB快照(snapshotting),另外一种是AOF(append-only-file)。从Redis4.0版本开始还通过RDB和AOF的混合持久化。

            二、Redis的持久化方式

            2编程.1. AOF持久化(Append of file)

            OF采用的就是顺序追加的方式,对于磁盘来说,顺序写是最快、最友好的方式。AOF文件存储的是redis命令协议格式的数据。Redis通过重放AOF文件,也就是执行AOF文件里的命令,来恢复数据。

            2.1.1 fsync 系统调用

            fsync 是系统调动。内核自己的机制,调用fysnc把数据从内核缓冲区刷到磁盘。如果想主动刷盘,就write完调用一次fysnc。

            2.1.2 AOF持久化策略

            • always 在主线程中执行,每次增删改操作,都要调用fsync 落盘,数据最安全,但效率最低
            • every second 在后台线程(bio_fsync_aof)中执行,会丢1~2s的数据
            • no 由操作系统决定什么时候刷盘,不可控

            缺点:

            对数据库所有的修改命令(增删改)都会记录到AOF文件,数据冗余,随着运行时间增加,AOF文件会太过庞大,导致恢复速度变慢。比如:set key v1 ,set key v2 ,del key , set key v3,这四条命令都会被记录。但最终的状态就是key == v3,其余的命令就是冗余的数据。也就是说,我们只需要最后一个状态即可。

            2.1.3 aof_rewrite

            redis针对AOF文件过大的问题,推出了aof_rewrite来优化。aof_rewrite 原理:通过 fork 进程,在子进程中根据当前内存中的数据状态,生成命令协议数据,也就是最新的状态保存到aof文件,避免同一个key的历史数据冗余,提升恢复速度。

            在重写aof期间,redis的主进程还在继续响应客户端的请求,redis会将写请求写到重写的缓冲区,等到子进程aof持久化结束,给主进程发信号,主进程再将重写缓冲区的数据追加到新的aof文件中。

            虽然rewrite后AOF文件会变小,但aof还是要通过重放的方式恢复数据,需要耗费cpu资源,比较慢。

            2.2 RDB快照(redis默认持久化方式)

            RDB是把当前内存中的数据集快照写入磁盘RDB文件,也就是 Snapshot 快照(数据库中所有键值对二进制数据)。恢复时是将快照文件直接读到内存里。也是通过fork出子进程去持久化。Redis没有专门的载入RDB文件的命令,Redis服务器会在启动时,如果检测到了RDB文件就会自动载入RDB文件。

            触发方式(自动触发和非自动触发)

            (1)自动触发

            在redis.conf 文件中,SNAPSHOTTING 的配置选项就是用来配置自动触发条件。

            Redis中AOF与RDB持久化策略深入分析

            save: 用来配置RDB持久化触发的条件。save m n 表示 m 秒内,数据存在n次修改时,自动触发 bgsave (后台持久化)。

            save “” 表示禁用快照;

            save 900 1:表示900 秒内如果至少有 1 个 key 的值变化,则保存;

            save 300 10:表示300 秒内如果至少有 10 个 key 的值变化,则保存;

            save 60 10000:表示60 秒内如果至少有 10000 个 key 的值变化,则保存。

            如果你只需要使用Redis的缓存功能,不需要持久化,只需要注释掉所有的save行即可。

            stop-writes-on-bgsave-error: 默认值为 yes。如果RDB快照开启,并且最近的一次快照保存失败了,Redis会拒绝接收更新操作,以此来提醒用户数据持久化失败了,否则这些更新的数据可能会丢失。

            rdbcompression:是否启用RDB快照文件压缩存储,默认是开启的,当数据量特别大时,压缩可以节省硬盘空间,但是会增加CPU消耗,可以选择关闭来节省CPU资源,建议开启。

            rdbchecksum:文件校验,默认开启。在Redis 5.0版本后,新增了校验功能,用于保证文件的完整性。开启这个选项会增加10%左右的性能损耗,如果追求高性能,可以关闭该选项。

            dbfilename :RDB文件名,默认为 dump.rdb

            rdb-del-sync-files: Redis主从全量同步时,通过RDB文件传输实现。如果没有开启持久化,同步完成后,是否要移除主从同步的RDB文件,默认为no。

            dir:存放RDB和AOF持久化文件的目录 默认为当前目录

            (2)手动触发

            Redis手动触发RDB持久化的命令有两种:

            1)save :该命令会阻塞Redis主进程,在save持久化期间,Redis不能响应处理其他命令,这段时间Redis不可用,可能造成业务的停摆,直至RDB过程完成。一般不用。

            2)bgsave:会在主进程fork出子进程进行RDB的持久化。阻塞只发生在fork阶段,而大key会导致fork时间增长。

            2.3 RDB和AOF混用

            RDB借鉴了aof_rewrite的思路,就是rbd文件写完,再把重写缓冲区的数据,追加到rbd文件的末尾,追加的这部分数据的格式是AOF的命令格式,这就是rdb_aof的混用。

            Redis中AOF与RDB持久化策略深入分析

            2.4 三种持久化方式比较

            • AOF 优点:数据可靠,丢失少;缺点:AOF 文件大,恢复速度慢;
            • RDB 优点:RDB文件体积小,数据恢复快。缺点:无法做到实时/秒级持久化,会丢失最后一次快照后的所有数据。每次bgsave运行都需要fork进程,主进程和子进程共享一份内存空间,主进程在继续处理客户端命令时,采用的时写时复制技术,只有修改的那部分内存会重新复制出一份,更新页表指向。复制出的那部分,会导致内存膨胀。具体膨胀的程度,取决于主进程修改的比例有多大。注意:子进程只是读取数据,并不修改内存中的数据。

            三、什么是大key以及大key对持久化的影响

            3.1 什么是大key

            redis 是kv 中的v站用了大量的空间。比如当v的类型是hash、zset,并且里面存储了大量的元素,这个v对应的key就是大key。

            3.2 fork进程写时复制原理

            在Redis主进程中调用fork()函数,创建出子进程。这个子进程在fork()函数返回时,跟主进程的状态是一模一样的。包括mm_struct和页表。此时,他们的页表都被标记为私有的写时复制状态(只读状态)。当某个进程试图写某个数据页时,会触发写保护,内核会重新为该进程映射一段内存,供其读写,并将页表指向这个新的数据页。

            3.3 面试题-大key对持久化有什么影响

            结合不同的持久化方式回答。fsync压力大,fork时间长。

            如果是AOF:always、every second、no aof_rewrite

            如果是RDB: rdb_aof

            fork是在主进程中执行的,如果fork慢,会影响到主进程的响应。

            四、持久化源码分析

            4.1 RDB持久化

            4.1.1 RDB文件的创建

            Redis是通过rdbSave函数来创建RDB文件的,SAVE 和 BGSAVE 会以不同的方式去调用rdbSave。

            // src/rdb.c
            /* Save the DB on disk. Return C_ERR on error, C_OK on success. */
            int rdbSave(char *filename, rdbSaveInfo *rsi) {
                char tmpfile[256];
                char cwd[MAXPATHLEN]; /* Current working dir path for error messages. */
                FILE *fp = NULL;
                rio rdb;
                int error = 0;
                snprintf(tmpfile,256,"temp-%d.rdb", (int) getpid());
                fp = fopen(tmpfile,"w");
                if (!fp) {
                    char *cwdp = getcwd(cwd,MAXPATHLEN);
                    serverLog(LL_WARNING,
                        "Failed opening the RDB file %s (in server root dir %s) "
                        "for saving: %s",
                        filename,
                        cwdp ? cwdp : "unknown",
                        strerror(errno));
                    return C_ERR;
                }
                rioInitWithFile(&rdb,fp);
                startSaving(RDBFLAGS_NONE);
                if (server.rdb_save_incremental_fsync)
                    rIOSetAutoSync(&rdb,REDIS_AUTOSYNC_BYTES);
                if (rdbSaveRio(&rdb,&error,RDBFLAGS_NONE,rsi) == C_ERR) {
                    errno = error;
                    goto werr;
                }
                /* Make sure data will not remain on the OS's output buffers */
                if (fflush(fp)) goto werr;
                if (fsync(fileno(fp))) goto werr;
                if (fclose(fp)) { fp = NULL; goto werr; }
                fp = NULL;
                /* Use RENAME to make sure the DB file is changed atomically only
                 * if the generate DB file is ok. */
                if (rename(tmpfile,filename) == -1) {
                    char *cwdp = getcwd(cwd,MAXPATHLEN);
                    serverLog(LL_WARNING,
                        "Error moving temp DB file %s on the final "
                        "destination %s (in server root dir %s): %s",
                        tmpfile,
                        filename,
                        cwdp ? cwdp : "unknown",
                        strerror(errno));
                    unlink(tmpfile);
                    stopSaving(0);
                    return C_ERR;
                }
                serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"DB saved on disk");
                server.dirty = 0;
                server.lastsave = time(NULL);
                server.lastbgsave_status = C_OK;
                stopSaving(1);
                return C_OK;
            werr:
                serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Write error saving DB on disk: %s", strerror(errno));
                if (fp) fclose(fp);
                unlink(tmpfile);
                stopSaving(0);
                return C_ERR;
            }

            SAVE命令,在Redis主线程中执行,如果save时间太长会影响Redis的性能。

            void saveCommand(client *c) {
                // 如果已经有子进程在进行RDB持久化
                if (server.child_type == CHILD_TYPE_RDB) {
                    addReplyError(c,"Background save already in progress");
                    return;
                }
                rdbSaveInfo rsi, *rsiptr;
                rsiptr = rdbPopulateSaveInfo(&rsi);
                // 持久化
                if (rdbSave(server.rdb_filename,rsiptr) == C_OK) {
                    addReply(c,shared.ok);
                } else {
                    addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.err);
                }
            }
            

            BGSAVE命令是通过执行rdbSaveBackground函数,可以看到rdbSave的调用时在子进程中。在BGSAVE执行期间,客户端发送的SAVE命令会被拒绝,禁止SAVE和BGSAVE同时执行,主要时为了防止主进程和子进程同时执行rdbSave,产生竞争;同理,也不能同时执行两个BGSAVE,也会产生竞争条件。

            /* BGSAVE [SCHEDULE] */
            void bgsaveCommand(client *c) {
                int schedule = 0;
                /* The SCHEDULE option changes the behavior of BGSAVE when an AOF rewrite
                 * is in progress. Instead of returning an error a BGSAVE gets scheduled. */
                if (c->argc > 1) {
                    if (c->argc == 2 && !strcasecmp(c->argv[1]->ptr,"schedule")) {
                        schedule = 1;
                    } else {
                        addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.syntaxerr);
                        return;
                    }
                }
                rdbSaveInfo rsi, *rsiptr;
                rsiptr = rdbPopulateSaveInfo(&rsi);
                if (server.child_type == CHILD_TYPE_RDB) {
                    addReplyError(c,"Background save already in progress");
                } else if (hasActiveChildProcess()) {
                    if (schedule) {
                        server.rdb_bgsave_scheduled = 1;
                        addReplyStatus(c,"Background saving scheduled");
                    } else {
                        addReplyError(c,
                        "Another child process is active (AOF?): can't BGSAVE right now. "
                        "Use BGSAVE SCHEDULE in order to schedule a BGSAVE whenever "
                        "possible.");
                    }
                } else if (rdbSaveBackground(server.rdb_filename,rsiptr) == C_OK) {
                    addReplyStatus(c,"Background saving started");
                } else {
               编程客栈     addReplyErrorObject(c,shared.err);
                }
            }
            int rdbSaveBackground(char *filename, rdbSaveInfo *rsi) {
                pid_t childpid;
                if (hasActiveChildProcess()) return C_ERR;
                server.dirty_before_bgsave = server.dirty;
                server.lastbgsave_try = time(NULL);
            	// 子进程
                if ((childpid = redisFork(CHILD_TYPE_RDB)) == 0) {
                    int retval;
                    /* Child */
                    redisSetProcTitle("redis-rdb-bgsave");
                    redisSetCpuAffinity(server.bgsave_cpulist);
                    retval = rdbSave(filename,rsi);
                    if (retval == C_OK) {
                        sendChildCowInfo(CHILD_INFO_TYPE_RDB_COW_SIZE, "RDB");
                    }
                    exitFromChild((retval == C_OK) ? 0 : 1);
                } else {
                    /* Parent */
                    if (childpid == -1) {
                        server.lastbgsave_status = C_ERR;
                        serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't save in background: fork: %s",
                            strerror(errno));
                        return C_ERR编程客栈;
                    }
                    serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"Background saving started by pid %ld",(long) childpid);
                    server.rdb_save_time_start = time(NULL);
                    server.rdb_child_type = RDB_CHILD_TYPE_DISK;
                    return C_OK;
                }
                return C_OK; /* unreached */
            }

            4.1.2 RDB文件的载入

            Redis通过rdbLoad函数完成RDB文件的载入工作。Redis服务器在RDB的载入过程中会一直阻塞,直到完成加载。

            int rdbLoad(char *filename, rdbSaveInfo *rsi, int rdbflags) {
                FILE *fp;
                rio rdb;
                int retval;
                if ((fp = fopen(filename,"r")) == NULL) return C_ERR;
                startLoadingFile(fp, filename,rdbflags);
                rioInitWithFile(&rdb,fp);
                retval = rdbLoadRio(&rdb,rdbflags,rsi);
                fclose(fp);
                stopLoading(retval==C_OK);
                return retval;
            }
            

            4.2 AOF持久化

            4.2.1 AOF持久化实现

            • AOF命令追加:当Redis服务器执行完一个写命令后,会将该命令以协议格式追加到aof_buf缓冲区的末尾
            • AOF文件的写入和同步:Redis服务是单线程的,主要在一个事件循环(event loop)中循环。Redis中事件分为文件事件和时间事件,文件事件负责接收客户端的命令请求和给客户端回复数据,时间事件负责执行定时任务。在一次的事件循环结束之前,都会调用flushAppendOnlyFile函数,该函数会根据redis.conf配置文件中的持久化策略决定何时将aof_buf缓冲区中的命令数据写入的AOF文件。

            4.2.2 源码分析

            // src/server.h
            /* Append only defines */
            #define AOF_FSYNC_NO 0
            #define AOF_FSYNC_ALWAYS 1
            #define AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC 2
            // src/aof.c
            void flushAppendOnlyFile(int force) {
                ssize_t nwritten;
                int sync_in_progress = 0;
                mstime_t latency;
            	// 如果当前aof_buf缓冲区为空
                if (sdslen(server.aof_buf) == 0) {
                    /* Check if we need to do fsync even the aof buffer is empty,
                     * because previously in AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC mode, fsync is
                     * called only when aof buffer is not empty, so if users
                     * stop write commands before fsync called in one second,
                     * the data in page cache cannot be flushed in time. */
                    if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC &&
                        server.aof_fsync_offset != server.aof_current_size &&
                        server.Unixtime > server.aof_last_fsync &&
                        !(sync_in_progress = aofFsyncInProgress())) {
                        goto try_fsync;
                    } else {
                        return;
                    }
                }
                if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC)
                    sync_in_progress = aofFsyncInProgress();
                if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC && !force) {
                    /* With this append fsync policy we do background fsyncing.
                     * If the fsync is still in progress we can try to delay
                     * the write for a couple of seconds. */
                    if (sync_in_progress) {
                        if (server.aof_flush_postponed_start == 0) {
                            /* No previous write postponing, remember that we are
                             * postponing the flush and return. */
                            server.aof_flush_postponed_start = server.unixtime;
                            return;
                        } else if (server.unixtime - server.aof_flush_postponed_start < 2) {
                            /* We were already waiting for fsync to finish, but for less
                             * than two seconds this is still ok. Postpone again. */
                            return;
                        }
                        /* Otherwise fall trough, and go write since we can't wait
                         * over two seconds. */
                        server.aof_delayed_fsync++;
                        serverLog(LL_NOTICE,"Asynchronous AOF fsync is taking too long (disk is busy?). Writing the AOF buffer without waiting for fsync to complete, this may slow down Redis.");
                    }
                }
                /* We want to perform a single write. This should be guaranteed atomic
                 * at least if the filesystem we are writing is a real physical one.
                 * While this will save us against the server being killed I don't think
                 * there is much to do about the whole server stopping for power problems
                 * or alike */
                if (server.aof_flush_sleep && sdslen(server.aof_buf)) {
                    usleep(server.aof_flush_sleep);
                }
                latencyStartMonitor(latency);
                nwritten = aofWrite(server.aof_fd,server.aof_buf,sdslen(server.aof_buf));
                latencyEndMonitor(latency);
                /* We want to capture different events for delayed writes:
                 * when the delay happens with a pending fsync, or with a saving child
                 * active, and when the above two conditions are missing.
                 * We also use an additional event name to save all samples which is
                 * useful for graphing / monitoring purposes. */
                if (sync_in_progress) {
                    latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write-pending-fsync",latency);
                } else if (hasActiveChildProcess()) {
                    latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write-active-child",latency);
                } else {
                    latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write-alone",latency);
                }
                latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-write",latency);
                /* We performed the write so reset the postponed flush sentinel to zero. */
                server.aof_flush_postponed_start = 0;
                if (nwritten != (ssize_t)sdslen(server.aof_buf)) {
                    static time_t last_write_error_log = 0;
                    int can_log = 0;
                    /* Limit logging rate to 1 line per AOF_WRITE_LOG_ERROR_RATE seconds. */
                    if ((server.unixtime - last_write_error_log) > AOF_WRITE_LOG_ERROR_RATE) {
                        can_log = 1;
                        last_write_error_log = server.unixtime;
                    }
                    /* Log the AOF write error and record the error code. */
                    if (nwritten == -1) {
                        if (can_log) {
                            serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Error writing to the AOF file: %s",
                                strerror(errno));
                            server.aof_last_write_errno = errno;
                        }
                    } else {
                        if (can_log) {
                            serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Short write while writing to "
                                                   "the AOF file: (nwritten=%lld, "
                                                   "expected=%lld)",
                                                   (long long)nwritten,
                                                   (long long)sdslen(server.aof_buf));
                        }
                        if (ftruncate(server.aof_fd, server.aof_current_size) == -1) {
                            if (can_log) {
                                serverLog(LL_WARNING, "Could not remove short write "
                                         "from the append-only file.  Redis may refuse "
                                         "to load the AOF the next time it starts.  "
                                         "ftruncate: %s", strerror(errno));
                            }
                        } else {
                            /* If the ftruncate() succeeded we can set nwritten to
                             * -1 since there is no longer partial data into the AOF. */
                            nwritten = -1;
                        }
                        server.aof_last_write_errno = ENOSPC;
                    }
                    /* Handle the AOF write error. */
                    if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_ALWAYS) {
                        /* We can't recover when the fsync policy is ALWAYS since the reply
                         * for the client is already in the output buffers (both writes and
                         * reads), and the changes to the db can't be rolled back. Since we
                         * have a contract with the user that on acknowledged or observed
                         * writes are is synced on disk, we must exit. */
                        serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't recover from AOF write error when the AOF fsync policy is 'always'. Exiting...");
                        exit(1);
                    } else {
                        /* Recover from failed write leaving data into the buffer. However
                         * set an error to stop accepting writes as long as the error
                         * condition is not cleared. */
                        server.aof_last_write_status = C_ERR;
                        /* Trim the sds buffer if there was a partial write, and there
                         * was no way to undo it with ftruncate(2). */
                        if (nwritten > 0) {
                            server.aof_current_size += nwritten;
                            sdsrange(server.aof_buf,nwritten,-1);
                        }
                        return; /* We'll try again on the next call... */
                    }
                } else {
                    /* Successful write(2). If AOF was in error state, restore the
                     * OK state and log the event. */
                    if (server.aof_last_write_status == C_ERR) {
                        serverLog(LL_WARNING,
                            "AOF write error looks solved, Redis can write again.");
                        server.aof_last_write_status = C_OK;
                    }
                }
                server.aof_current_size += nwritten;
                /* Re-use AOF buffer when it is small enough. The maximum comes from the
                 * arena size of 4k minus some overhead (but is otherwise arbitrary). */
                if ((sdslen(server.aof_buf)+sdsa编程vail(server.aof_buf)) < 4000) {
                    sdsclear(server.aof_buf);
                } else {
                    sdsfree(server.aof_buf);
                    server.aof_buf = sdsempty();
                }
            try_fsync:
                /* Don't fsync if no-appendfsync-on-rewrite is set to yes and there are
                 * children doing I/O in the background. */
                if (server.aof_no_fsync_on_rewrite && hasActiveChildProcess())
                    return;
                /* Perform the fsync if needed. */
                if (server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_ALWAYS) {
                    /* redis_fsync is defined as fdatasync() for linux in order to avoid
                     * flushing metadata. */
                    latencyStartMonitor(latency);
                    /* Let's try to get this data on the disk. To guarantee data safe when
                     * the AOF fsync policy is 'always', we should exit if failed to fsync
                     * AOF (see comment next to the exit(1) after write error above). */
                    if (redis_fsync(server.aof_fd) == -1) {
                        serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Can't persist AOF for f开发者_mariadbsync error when the "
                          "AOF fsync policy is 'always': %s. Exiting...", strerror(errno));
                        exit(1);
                    }
                    latencyEndMonitor(latency);
                    latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("aof-fsync-always",latency);
                    server.aof_fsync_offset = server.aof_current_size;
                    server.aof_last_fsync = server.unixtime;
                } else if ((server.aof_fsync == AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC &&
                            server.unixtime > server.aof_last_fsync)) {
                    if (!sync_in_progress) {
                        aof_background_fsync(server.aof_fd);
                        server.aof_fsync_offset = server.aof_current_size;
                    }
                    server.aof_last_fsync = server.unixtime;
                }
            }
            

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