File-level filesystem change notification in Mac OS X

I want my code to be notified when any file under (either directly or indirectly) a given directory is modified. By "modified", I mean I want my code to be notified whenever a file's contents are altered, it's renamed, or it's deleted; or if a new file is added. For my application, there can be thousands of files.

I looked as FSEvents, but its Technology Overview says, in part:

The important point to take away is that the granularity of notifications is at a directory level. It tells you only that something in the directory has changed, but does not tell you what changed.

It also says:

The file system events API is also not designed for 开发者_如何学Cfinding out when a particular file changes. For such purposes, the kqueues mechanism is more appropriate.

However, in order to use kqueue on a given file, one has to open the file to obtain a file descriptor. It's impractical to manage thousands of file descriptors (and would probably exceed the maximum allowable number of open file descriptors anyway).

Curiously, under Windows, I can use the ReadDirectoryChangesW() function and it does precisely what I want.

So how can one do what I want under Mac OS X? Or, asked another way: how would one go about writing the equivalent of ReadDirectoryChangesW() for Mac OS X in user-space (and do so very efficiently)?

EDIT: Not verified, but Konstantin indicates below that this code sample is obsolete as of 2012.

I don't believe there's a specific API for what you're looking for. Apple provides sample code for a similar problem called Watcher. It is not what you are looking for, but it is about the best you can do at this point. You have to take snapshots of the directory, and rescan it when you find out something changed. Modification time is the best thing to check of course, if you can trust modification time.

You are probably correct that trying to register for an unbounded number of kqueues would likely be unworkable.

I haven't tried this myself, but it seems like FSEvents is able to provide file-level notifications as of 10.7 (Lion). From the description of FSEventStreamCreateFlags:

kFSEventStreamCreateFlagFileEvents

Request file-level notifications. Your stream will receive events about individual files in the hierarchy you're watching instead of only receiving directory level notifications. Use this flag with care as it will generate significantly more events than without it.

Available in OS X v10.7 and later.

The closest utility (that I know of) that matches your needs on Mac OS X is fslogger. See the link for a description, dmg and source code: OSXBook - fslogger

You might want to check out man fs_usage, though it's not specific to a directory and requires root privileges.