Confusion over IORefs to make a counter

I found some sample code, and changed it a little

counter = unsafePerform $ newIORef 0

newNode _ = unsafePer开发者_如何转开发formIO $
              do
                i <- readIORef counter
                writeIORef counter (i+1)
                return i

Which returns 1 then 2 then 3 then 3 etc each time it's run.

But when I change it to

newNode = unsafePerformIO $
              do
                i <- readIORef counter
                writeIORef counter (i+1)
                return i

then I get 0 every time I run it.

Why is this happening, and what can I do to fix it?

In your second version newNode is a simple value, not a function. So haskell evaluates it exactly once and then gives you the result of that evaluation whenever you access newNode.

A word of warning: Using unsafePerformIO on anything other than an IO action which you know to be referentially transparent is dangerous. It might interact badly with some optimizations and just generally not behave like you expect. There's a reason it's got the word "unsafe" in its name.

As a way to play around with unsafePerformIO your code is fine, but if you ever want to use something like it in real code, I'd strongly encourage you to reconsider.

Just as a clarification: for an application like the one you seem to be building, creating an IORef using unsafePerformIO is quite normal, and allows Haskell's closest approximation to global variables in procedural languages. What is probably not wise is using it in your actions. For example, newNode is probably best written as:

newNode = do i <- readIORef counter
             writeIORef counter (i+1)
             return i

And then any place you intend to call newNode should be an IO action itself.

One other little detail: counter will have the type IORef Integer by default unless you change this using default. Don't try to give it a generic type like Num a => IORef a: that way danger lies.

Yous shouldn't use such constructs in a normal programming, as the compiler may apply various optimizations that kill the desired effect or make it unpredictable. If possible, use something like the State monad instead. It's cleaner and will always behave like you want. Here you go:

-- This function lets you escape from the monad, it wraps the computation into a monad to make it, well, countable
counter :: (State Int x) -> x
counter = flip evalState 0

-- Increments the counter and returns the new counter
newNode :: State Int Int
newNode = modify (+1) >>= get

Please see what sepp2k sad for the answer to your question. What you explain is particularly useful, if you have something global available (like configs), unlikely to change, which must be available from nearly everywhere. Use it wisely, as it is against the basic principle of purity. If it's possible, use monads instead (like I explained).