C Newbie: Help with Simple Function

Spoiler: I am an absolute beginner to C. I quickly threw threw together this program to test my knowledge, but my compiler is giving me errors. What is the problem and why?

#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
    char *string = "abcdefghi";

    printf("%s\n\n", string);

    printf("%s\n\n", substr(string, 1, 2));
}

char * substr(char *string, int start, in开发者_开发技巧t length)
{
    int i;
    char *temp;

    for(i = 0; i < length; i++)
    {
        temp[i] = string[i+start];
    }

    return temp;
}

EDIT:

Sorry, it's like 1 AM here, I've been up trying to figure this out.

The errors are:

main.c: In function ‘main’:
main.c:9: warning: format ‘%s’ expects type ‘char *’, but argument 2 has type ‘int’
main.c: At top level:
main.c:12: error: conflicting types for ‘substr’

Here are the errors I see:

Use of uninitialized pointer

In substr you declare char *temp; and then use it without initializing it to anything. This is not a compile-time error, but this program will almost certainly crash when you run it, since temp will effectively point to a random memory address. This is a case of undefined behavior, and C is chock full of it. Undefined behavior will come out of nowhere and eat your pets if you aren't careful.

Consider malloc()ing some memory, or having your function receive a pointer to a buffer where it can write the portion of the string.

Use of function not yet declared

In C you must declare functions before they are used, or at least declare their prototype. Above main()'s declaration, add this line:

char * substr(char *string, int start, int length);

No use of const where it makes sense

When assigning a string literal to a char*, that variable should be declared const. So change

char *string = "abcdefghi";

to

const char *string = "abcdefghi";

You will have to change your function prototype to

char * substr(const char *string, int start, int length)

which is what it should have been in the first place.

Added 2010-12-02:

substr() does not add terminating null character

The substr() function, while algorithmically correct in every other sense, does not add a terminating null character to the new string. This will cause printf() and every other string-using function (like strlen(), strcpy(), etc.) to run off the end of the string into unallocated heap memory, or stack memory (depending on how you resolve the "uninitialized pointer" issue).

To fix this, add this line immediately after the for loop, and before the return statement:

temp[i] = '\0';

Note that this should not be added in the for loop, as that would have the effect of creating a string with zero length.

The most obvious error is that you need to include a prototype in your code...

char * substr(char *string, int start, int length);

main()
...

Otherwise your program will not be aware that substr has been defined (as a function) below the main code.

First, the return type of main is int. Second, you have to declare functions before they're used. Either reorder main and substr, or put a prototype for substr in before your main definition. Third, temp is not initialized. You either need to malloc() space for it, or allocate a static buffer (not on the stack).

Compiler issues: No prototype for substr. Your compiler will probably let this go if you aren't compiling with strict ansi/iso standards.

Some runtime issues: You didn't allocate any space for *temp. When you declare a local variable without initializing it, it holds a garbage value. Since temp is a pointer to a character, temp's content is a pointer to some address which most probably doesn't belong to you.

On the last iteration of that for loop, i will index into the last position of the string. But you're adding the value of start (1 in this case) to i and then indexing into the string - meaning you're likely getting an index out-of-bounds error on that last loop iteration.

The fix (assuming I've correctly diagnosed the problem): initialize i to start instead of adding start to i.