Using LINQ to Objects to find items in one collection that do not match another

I want to find all items in one collection that do not match another collection. The collections are not of the same type, though; I want to write a lambda expression to specify equality.

A LINQPad example of what I'm trying to do:

void Main()
{
    var employees = new[]
    {
        new Employee { Id = 20, Name = "Bob" },
        new Employee { Id = 10, Name = "Bill" },
        new Employee { Id = 30, Name = "Frank" }
    };

    var managers = new[]
    {
        new Manager { EmployeeId = 20 },
        new Manager { EmployeeId = 30 }
    };

    var nonManagers =
    from employee in employees
    where !(managers.Any(x => x.EmployeeId == employee.Id))
    select employee;

    nonManagers.Dump();

    // Based on cdonner's answer:

    var nonManagers2 =
    from employee in employees
    join manager in managers
        on employee.Id equals manager.EmployeeId
    into tempManagers
    from manager in tempManagers.DefaultIfEmpty()
    where manager == null
    select employee;

    nonManagers2.Dump();

    // Based on Richard Hein's answer:

    var nonManagers3 =
    employees.Except(
        from employee in employees
        join manager in managers
            on employee.Id equals manager.EmployeeId
        select employee);

    nonManagers3.Dump();
}

public class Employee
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public str开发者_JAVA技巧ing Name { get; set; }
}

public class Manager
{
    public int EmployeeId { get; set; }
}

The above works, and will return Employee Bill (#10). It does not seem elegant, though, and it may be inefficient with larger collections. In SQL I'd probably do a LEFT JOIN and find items where the second ID was NULL. What's the best practice for doing this in LINQ?

EDIT: Updated to prevent solutions that depend on the Id equaling the index.

EDIT: Added cdonner's solution - anybody have anything simpler?

EDIT: Added a variant on Richard Hein's answer, my current favorite. Thanks to everyone for some excellent answers!

This is almost the same as some other examples but less code:

employees.Except(employees.Join(managers, e => e.Id, m => m.EmployeeId, (e, m) => e));

It's not any simpler than employees.Where(e => !managers.Any(m => m.EmployeeId == e.Id)) or your original syntax, however.

    /// <summary>
    /// This method returns items in a set that are not in 
    /// another set of a different type
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
    /// <typeparam name="TOther"></typeparam>
    /// <typeparam name="TKey"></typeparam>
    /// <param name="items"></param>
    /// <param name="other"></param>
    /// <param name="getItemKey"></param>
    /// <param name="getOtherKey"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public static IEnumerable<T> Except<T, TOther, TKey>(
                                           this IEnumerable<T> items,
                                           IEnumerable<TOther> other,
                                           Func<T, TKey> getItemKey,
                                           Func<TOther, TKey> getOtherKey)
    {
        return from item in items
               join otherItem in other on getItemKey(item)
               equals getOtherKey(otherItem) into tempItems
               from temp in tempItems.DefaultIfEmpty()
               where ReferenceEquals(null, temp) || temp.Equals(default(TOther))
               select item;
    }

I don't remember where I found this method.

         var nonManagers = ( from e1 in employees
                             select e1 ).Except(
                                   from m in managers
                                   from e2 in employees
                                   where m.EmployeeId == e2.Id
                                   select e2 );

It's a bit late (I know).

I was looking at the same problem, and was considering a HashSet because of various performance hints in that direction inc. @Skeet's Intersection of multiple lists with IEnumerable.Intersect() - and asked around my office and the consensus was that a HashSet would be faster and more readable:

HashSet<int> managerIds = new HashSet<int>(managers.Select(x => x.EmployeeId));
nonManagers4 = employees.Where(x => !managerIds.Contains(x.Id)).ToList();

Then I was offered an even faster solution using native arrays to create a bit mask-ish type solution (the syntax on the native array queries would put me off using them except for extreme performance reasons though).

To give this answer a little credence after an awful long time I've extended your linqpad program and data with timings so you can compare what are now six options :

void Main()
{
    var employees = new[]
    {
        new Employee { Id = 20, Name = "Bob" },
        new Employee { Id = 10, Name = "Kirk NM" },
        new Employee { Id = 48, Name = "Rick NM" },
        new Employee { Id = 42, Name = "Dick" },
        new Employee { Id = 43, Name = "Harry" },
        new Employee { Id = 44, Name = "Joe" },
        new Employee { Id = 45, Name = "Steve NM" },
        new Employee { Id = 46, Name = "Jim NM" },
        new Employee { Id = 30, Name = "Frank"},
        new Employee { Id = 47, Name = "Dave NM" },
        new Employee { Id = 49, Name = "Alex NM" },
        new Employee { Id = 50, Name = "Phil NM" },
        new Employee { Id = 51, Name = "Ed NM" },
        new Employee { Id = 52, Name = "Ollie NM" },
        new Employee { Id = 41, Name = "Bill" },
        new Employee { Id = 53, Name = "John NM" },
        new Employee { Id = 54, Name = "Simon NM" }
    };

    var managers = new[]
    {
        new Manager { EmployeeId = 20 },
        new Manager { EmployeeId = 30 },
        new Manager { EmployeeId = 41 },
        new Manager { EmployeeId = 42 },
        new Manager { EmployeeId = 43 },
        new Manager { EmployeeId = 44 }
    };

    System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch watch1 = new System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch();

    int max = 1000000;

    watch1.Start();
    List<Employee> nonManagers1 = new List<Employee>();
    foreach (var item in Enumerable.Range(1,max))
    {
        nonManagers1 = (from employee in employees where !(managers.Any(x => x.EmployeeId == employee.Id)) select employee).ToList();

    }
    nonManagers1.Dump();
    watch1.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine("Any: " + watch1.ElapsedMilliseconds);

    watch1.Restart();       
    List<Employee> nonManagers2 = new List<Employee>();
    foreach (var item in Enumerable.Range(1,max))
    {
        nonManagers2 =
        (from employee in employees
        join manager in managers
            on employee.Id equals manager.EmployeeId
        into tempManagers
        from manager in tempManagers.DefaultIfEmpty()
        where manager == null
        select employee).ToList();
    }
    nonManagers2.Dump();
    watch1.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine("temp table: " + watch1.ElapsedMilliseconds);

    watch1.Restart();       
    List<Employee> nonManagers3 = new List<Employee>();
    foreach (var item in Enumerable.Range(1,max))
    {
        nonManagers3 = employees.Except(employees.Join(managers, e => e.Id, m => m.EmployeeId, (e, m) => e)).ToList();
    }
    nonManagers3.Dump();
    watch1.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine("Except: " + watch1.ElapsedMilliseconds);

    watch1.Restart();       
    List<Employee> nonManagers4 = new List<Employee>();
    foreach (var item in Enumerable.Range(1,max))
    {
        HashSet<int> managerIds = new HashSet<int>(managers.Select(x => x.EmployeeId));
        nonManagers4 = employees.Where(x => !managerIds.Contains(x.Id)).ToList();

    }
    nonManagers4.Dump();
    watch1.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine("HashSet: " + watch1.ElapsedMilliseconds);

      watch1.Restart();
      List<Employee> nonManagers5 = new List<Employee>();
      foreach (var item in Enumerable.Range(1, max))
      {
                   bool[] test = new bool[managers.Max(x => x.EmployeeId) + 1];
                   foreach (var manager in managers)
                   {
                        test[manager.EmployeeId] = true;
                   }

                   nonManagers5 = employees.Where(x => x.Id > test.Length - 1 || !test[x.Id]).ToList();


      }
      nonManagers5.Dump();
      watch1.Stop();
      Console.WriteLine("Native array call: " + watch1.ElapsedMilliseconds);

      watch1.Restart();
      List<Employee> nonManagers6 = new List<Employee>();
      foreach (var item in Enumerable.Range(1, max))
      {
                   bool[] test = new bool[managers.Max(x => x.EmployeeId) + 1];
                   foreach (var manager in managers)
                   {
                        test[manager.EmployeeId] = true;
                   }

                   nonManagers6 = employees.Where(x => x.Id > test.Length - 1 || !test[x.Id]).ToList();
      }
      nonManagers6.Dump();
      watch1.Stop();
      Console.WriteLine("Native array call 2: " + watch1.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}

public class Employee
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

public class Manager
{
    public int EmployeeId { get; set; }
}

var nonmanagers = employees.Select(e => e.Id)
    .Except(managers.Select(m => m.EmployeeId))
    .Select(id => employees.Single(e => e.Id == id));

Have a look at the Except() LINQ function. It does exactly what you need.

Its better if you left join the item and filter with null condition

var finalcertificates = (from globCert in resultCertificate
                                         join toExcludeCert in certificatesToExclude
                                             on globCert.CertificateId equals toExcludeCert.CertificateId into certs
                                         from toExcludeCert in certs.DefaultIfEmpty()
                                         where toExcludeCert == null
                                         select globCert).Union(currentCertificate).Distinct().OrderBy(cert => cert.CertificateName);

Managers are employees, too! So the Manager class should subclass from the Employee class (or, if you don't like that, then they should both subclass from a parent class, or make a NonManager class).

Then your problem is as simple as implementing the IEquatable interface on your Employee superclass (for GetHashCode simply return the EmployeeID) and then using this code:

var nonManagerEmployees = employeeList.Except(managerList);