what is difference between Superscaling and pipelining?

Well looks too simple a question to be asked but i asked after going through few ppts on both.

Both methods increase instruction thro开发者_开发百科ughput. And Superscaling almost always makes use of pipelining as well. Superscaling has more than one execution unit and so does pipelining or am I wrong here?

Superscalar design involves the processor being able to issue multiple instructions in a single clock, with redundant facilities to execute an instruction. We're talking about within a single core, mind you -- multicore processing is different.

Pipelining divides an instruction into steps, and since each step is executed in a different part of the processor, multiple instructions can be in different "phases" each clock.

They're almost always used together. This image from Wikipedia shows both concepts in use, as these concepts are best explained graphically:

Here, two instructions are being executed at a time in a five-stage pipeline.

To break it down further, given your recent edit:

In the example above, an instruction goes through 5 stages to be "performed". These are IF (instruction fetch), ID (instruction decode), EX (execute), MEM (update memory), WB (writeback to cache).

In a very simple processor design, every clock a different stage would be completed so we'd have:

1. IF
2. ID
3. EX
4. MEM
5. WB

Which would do one instruction in five clocks. If we then add a redundant execution unit and introduce superscalar design, we'd have this, for two instructions A and B:

1. IF(A) IF(B)
2. ID(A) ID(B)
3. EX(A) EX(B)
4. MEM(A) MEM(B)
5. WB(A) WB(B)

Two instructions in five clocks -- a theoretical maximum gain of 100%.

Pipelining allows the parts to be executed simultaneously, so we would end up with something like (for ten instructions A through J):

1. IF(A) IF(B)
2. ID(A) ID(B) IF(C) IF(D)
3. EX(A) EX(B) ID(C) ID(D) IF(E) IF(F)
4. MEM(A) MEM(B) EX(C) EX(D) ID(E) ID(F) IF(G) IF(H)
5. WB(A) WB(B) MEM(C) MEM(D) EX(E) EX(F) ID(G) ID(H) IF(I) IF(J)
6. WB(C) WB(D) MEM(E) MEM(F) EX(G) EX(H) ID(I) ID(J)
7. WB(E) WB(F) MEM(G) MEM(H) EX(I) EX(J)
8. WB(G) WB(H) MEM(I) MEM(J)
9. WB(I) WB(J)

In nine clocks, we've executed ten instructions -- you can see where pipelining really moves things along. And that is an explanation of the example graphic, not how it's actually implemented in the field (that's black magic).

The Wikipedia articles for Superscalar and Instruction pipeline are pretty good.

A long time ago, CPUs executed only one machine instruction at a time. Only when it was completely finished did the CPU fetch the next instruction from memory (or, later, the instruction cache).

Eventually, someone noticed that this meant that most of a CPU did nothing most of the time, since there were several execution subunits (such as the instruction decoder, the integer arithmetic unit, and FP arithmetic unit, etc.) and executing an instruction kept only one of them busy at a time.

Thus, "simple" pipelining was born: once one instruction was done decoding and went on towards the next execution subunit, why not already fetch and decode the next instruction? If you had 10 such "stages", then by having each stage process a different instruction you could theoretically increase the instruction throughput tenfold without increasing the CPU clock at all! Of course, this only works flawlessly when there are no conditional jumps in the code (this led to a lot of extra effort to handle conditional jumps specially).

Later, with Moore's law continuing to be correct for longer than expected, CPU makers found themselves with ever more transistors to make use of and thought "why have only one of each execution subunit?". Thus, superscalar CPUs with multiple execution subunits able to do the same thing in parallel were born, and CPU designs became much, much more complex to distribute instructions across these fully parallel units while ensuring the results were the same as if the instructions had been executed sequentially.

An Analogy: Washing Clothes

Imagine a dry cleaning store with the following facilities: a rack for hanging dirty or clean clothes, a washer and a dryer (each of which can wash one garment at a time), a folding table, and an ironing board.

The attendant who does all of the actual washing and drying is rather dim-witted so the store owner, who takes the dry cleaning orders, takes special care to write out each instruction very carefully and explicitly.

On a typical day these instructions may be something along the lines of:

1. take the shirt from the rack
2. wash the shirt
3. dry the shirt
4. iron the shirt
5. fold the shirt
6. put the shirt back on the rack
7. take the pants from the rack
8. wash the pants
9. dry the pants
10. fold the pants
11. put the pants back on the rack
12. take the coat from the rack
13. wash the coat
14. dry the coat
15. iron the coat
16. put the coat back on the rack

The attendant follows these instructions to the tee, being very careful not to ever do anything out of order. As you can imagine, it takes a long time to get the day's laundry done because it takes a long time to fully wash, dry, and fold each piece of laundry, and it must all be done one at a time.

However, one day the attendant quits and a new, smarter, attendant is hired who notices that most of the equipment is laying idle at any given time during the day. While the pants were drying neither the ironing board nor the washer were in use. So he decided to make better use of his time. Thus, instead of the above series of steps, he would do this:

1. take the shirt from the rack
2. wash the shirt, take the pants from the rack
3. dry the shirt, wash the pants
4. iron the shirt, dry the pants
5. fold the shirt, (take the coat from the rack)
6. put the shirt back on the rack, fold the pants, (wash the coat)
7. put the pants back on the rack, (dry the coat)
8. (iron the coat)
9. (put the coat back on the rack)

This is pipelining. Sequencing unrelated activities such that they use different components at the same time. By keeping as much of the different components active at once you maximize efficiency and speed up execution time, in this case reducing 16 "cycles" to 9, a speedup of over 40%.

Now, the little dry cleaning shop started to make more money because they could work so much faster, so the owner bought an extra washer, dryer, ironing board, folding station, and even hired another attendant. Now things are even faster, instead of the above, you have:

1. take the shirt from the rack, take the pants from the rack
2. wash the shirt, wash the pants, (take the coat from the rack)
3. dry the shirt, dry the pants, (wash the coat)
4. iron the shirt, fold the pants, (dry the coat)
5. fold the shirt, put the pants back on the rack, (iron the coat)
6. put the shirt back on the rack, (put the coat back on the rack)

This is superscalar design. Multiple sub-components capable of doing the same task simultaneously, but with the processor deciding how to do it. In this case it resulted in a nearly 50% speed boost (in 18 "cycles" the new architecture could run through 3 iterations of this "program" while the previous architecture could only run through 2).

Older processors, such as the 386 or 486, are simple scalar processors, they execute one instruction at a time in exactly the order in which it was received. Modern consumer processors since the PowerPC/Pentium are pipelined and superscalar. A Core2 CPU is capable of running the same code that was compiled for a 486 while still taking advantage of instruction level parallelism because it contains its own internal logic that analyzes machine code and determines how to reorder and run it (what can be run in parallel, what can't, etc.) This is the essence of superscalar design and why it's so practical.

In contrast a vector parallel processor performs operations on several pieces of data at once (a vector). Thus, instead of just adding x and y a vector processor would add, say, x0,x1,x2 to y0,y1,y2 (resulting in z0,z1,z2). The problem with this design is that it is tightly coupled to the specific degree of parallelism of the processor. If you run scalar code on a vector processor (assuming you could) you would see no advantage of the vector parallelization because it needs to be explicitly used, similarly if you wanted to take advantage of a newer vector processor with more parallel processing units (e.g. capable of adding vectors of 12 numbers instead of just 3) you would need to recompile your code. Vector processor designs were popular in the oldest generation of super computers because they were easy to design and there are large classes of problems in science and engineering with a great deal of natural parallelism.

Superscalar processors can also have the ability to perform speculative execution. Rather than leaving processing units idle and waiting for a code path to finish executing before branching a processor can make a best guess and start executing code past the branch before prior code has finished processing. When execution of the prior code catches up to the branch point the processor can then compare the actual branch with the branch guess and either continue on if the guess was correct (already well ahead of where it would have been by just waiting) or it can invalidate the results of the speculative execution and run the code for the correct branch.

Pipelining is what a car company does in the manufacturing of their cars. They break down the process of putting together a car into stages and perform the different stages at different points along an assembly line done by different people. The net result is that the car is manufactured at exactly the speed of the slowest stage alone.

In CPUs the pipelining process is exactly the same. An "instruction" is broken down into various stages of execution, usually something like 1. fetch instruction, 2. fetch operands (registers or memory values that are read), 2. perform computation, 3. write results (to memory or registers). The slowest of this might be the computation part, in which case the overall throughput speed of the instructions through this pipeline is just the speed of the computation part (as if the other parts were "free".)

Super-scalar in microprocessors refers to the ability to run several instructions from a single execution stream at once in parallel. So if a car company ran two assembly lines then obviously they could produce twice as many cars. But if the process of putting a serial number on the car was at the last stage and had to be done by a single person, then they would have to alternate between the two pipelines and guarantee that they could get each done in half the time of the slowest stage in order to avoid becoming the slowest stage themselves.

Super-scalar in microprocessors is similar but usually has far more restrictions. So the instruction fetch stage will typically produce more than one instruction during its stage -- this is what makes super-scalar in microprocessors possible. There would then be two fetch stages, two execution stages, and two write back stages. This obviously generalizes to more than just two pipelines.

This is all fine and dandy but from the perspective of sound execution both techniques could lead to problems if done blindly. For correct execution of a program, it is assumed that the instructions are executed completely one after another in order. If two sequential instructions have inter-dependent calculations or use the same registers then there can be a problem, The later instruction needs to wait for the write back of the previous instruction to complete before it can perform the operand fetch stage. Thus you need to stall the second instruction by two stages before it is executed, which defeats the purpose of what was gained by these techniques in the first place.

There are many techniques use to reduce the problem of needing to stall that are a bit complicated to describe but I will list them: 1. register forwarding, (also store to load forwarding) 2. register renaming, 3. score-boarding, 4. out-of-order execution. 5. Speculative execution with rollback (and retirement) All modern CPUs use pretty much all these techniques to implement super-scalar and pipelining. However, these techniques tend to have diminishing returns with respect to the number of pipelines in a processor before stalls become inevitable. In practice no CPU manufacturer makes more than 4 pipelines in a single core.

Multi-core has nothing to do with any of these techniques. This is basically ramming two micro-processors together to implement symmetric multiprocessing on a single chip and sharing only those components which make sense to share (typically L3 cache, and I/O). However a technique that Intel calls "hyperthreading" is a method of trying to virtually implement the semantics of multi-core within the super-scalar framework of a single core. So a single micro-architecture contains the registers of two (or more) virtual cores and fetches instructions from two (or more) different execution streams, but executing from a common super-scalar system. The idea is that because the registers cannot interfere with each other, there will tend to be more parallelism leading to fewer stalls. So rather than simply executing two virtual core execution streams at half the speed, it is better due to the overall reduction in stalls. This would seem to suggest that Intel could increase the number of pipelines. However this technique has been found to be somewhat lacking in practical implementations. As it is integral to super-scalar techniques, though, I have mentioned it anyway.

Pipelining is simultaneous execution of different stages of multiple instructions at the same cycle. It is based on splitting instruction processing into stages and having specialized units for each stage and registers for storing intermediate results.

Superscaling is dispatching multiple instructions (or microinstructions) to multiple executing units existing in CPU. It is based thus on redundant units in CPU.

Of course, this approaches can complement each other.