Are type fields pure evil?

As discusses in The c++ Programming Language 3rd Edition in section 12.2.5, type fields tend to create code that is less versatile, error-prone, less intuitive, and less maintainable than the equivalent code that uses virtual functions and polymorphism.

As a short example,开发者_Go百科 here is how a type field would be used:

void print(const Shape &s)
{
  switch(s.type)
  {
  case Shape::TRIANGE:
    cout << "Triangle" << endl;
  case Shape::SQUARE:
    cout << "Square" << endl;
  default:
    cout << "None" << endl;
  }
}

Clearly, this is a nightmare as adding a new type of shape to this and a dozen similar functions would be error-prone and taxing.

Despite these shortcomings and those described in TC++PL, are there any examples where such an implementation (using a type field) is a better solution than utilizing the language features of virtual functions? Or should this practice be black listed as pure evil?

Realistic examples would be preferred over contrived ones, but I'd still be interested in contrived examples. Also, have you ever seen this in production code (even though virtual functions would have been easier)?

When you "know" you have a very specific, small, constant set of types, it can be easier to hardcode them like this. Of course, constants aren't and variables don't, so at some point you might have to rewrite the whole thing anyway.

This is, more or less, the technique used for discriminated unions in several of Alexandrescu's articles.

For example, if I was implementing a JSON library, I'd know each Value can only be an Object, Array, String, Integer, Boolean, or Null—the spec doesn't allow any others.

A type enum can be serialized via memcpy, a v-table can't. A similar feature is that corruption of a type enum value is easy to handle, corruption of the v-table pointer means instant badness. There's no portable way to even test a v-table pointer for validity, calling dynamic_cast or typeinfo to do RTTI checks on an invalid object is undefined behavior.

For example, one instance where I choose to use a type hierarchy with static dispatch controlled by a discriminator and not dynamic dispatch is when passing a pointer to a structure through a Windows message queue. This gives me some protection against other software that may have allocated broadcast messages from a range I'm using (it's supposed to be reserved for app-local messages, do not pass GO if you think that rule is actually respected).

The following guideline is from Clean Code by Robert C. Martin. "My general rule for switch statements is that they can be tolerated if they appear only once, are used to create polymorphic objects, and are hidden behind an inheritance relationship so that the rest of the system can't see them".

The rationale is this: if you expose type fields to the rest of your code, you'll get multiple instances of the above switch statement. That is a clear violation of DRY. When you add a type, all these switches need to change (or, even worse, they become inconsistent without breaking your build).

My take is: It depends.

A parameterized Factory Method design pattern relies on this technique.

class Creator {
    public:
        virtual Product* Create(ProductId);
};

Product* Creator::Create (ProductId id) {
        if (id == MINE)  return new MyProduct;
        if (id == YOURS) return new YourProduct;
        // repeat for remaining products...

        return 0;
}

So, is this bad. I don't think so as we do not have any other alternative at this stage. This is a place where it is absolutely necessary as it involves creation of an object. The type of the object is yet to be known.

The example in OP is however an example which sure needs refactoring. Here we are already dealing with an existing object/type (passed as argument to function).

As Herb Sutter mentions -

"Switch off: Avoid switching on the type of an object to customize behavior. Use templates and virtual functions to let types (not their calling code) decide their behavior."

Aren't there costs associated to virtual functions and polymorphism? Like maintaining a vtable per class, increase of each class object size by 4 byptes, runtime slowness (I have never measured it though) for resolving the virtual function appropriately. So, for simple situations, using a type field appears acceptable.

I think that if the type corresponds precisely to the implied classes then type is wrong. Where it gets complicated is where the type does not quite match or its not so cut and dried.

Taking your example what if type was Red, Green, Blue. Those are types of shapes. You could even have a color class as a mixin; but its probably too much.

I am thinking of using a type field to solve the problem of vector slicing. That is, I want a vector of hierarchical objects. For example I want my vector to be a vector of shapes, but I want to store circles, rectangles, triangles etc.

You can't do that in the most obvious simple way because of slicing. So the normal solution is to have a vector of pointers or smart pointers instead. But I think there are cases where using a type field will be a simpler solution, (avoids new/delete or alternative lifecycle techniques).

The best example I can think of (and the one I've run into before), is when your set of types is fixed and the set of functions you want to do (that depend on those types) is fluid. That way, when you add a new function, you modify a single place (adding a single switch) rather than adding a new base virtual function with the real implementation scattered all across the classes in your type hierarchy.

I don't know of any realistic examples. Contrived ones would depend on there being some good reason that virtual methods cannot be used.