How to find out line-endings in a text file?
I'm trying to use something in bash to show me the line endings in a file printed rather than interpreted. The file is a dump from SSIS/SQL Server being read in by a Linux machine for processing.
Are there any switches within
开发者_开发问答vi,less,more, etc?In addition to seeing the line-endings, I need to know what type of line end it is (
CRLForLF). How do I find that out?
You can use the file utility to give you an indication of the type of line endings.
Unix:
$ file testfile1.txt
testfile.txt: ASCII text
"DOS":
$ file testfile2.txt
testfile2.txt: ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators
To convert from "DOS" to Unix:
$ dos2unix testfile2.txt
To convert from Unix to "DOS":
$ unix2dos testfile1.txt
Converting an already converted file has no effect so it's safe to run blindly (i.e. without testing the format first) although the usual disclaimers apply, as always.
Ubuntu 14.04:
simple cat -e <filename> works just fine.
This displays Unix line endings (\n or LF) as $ and Windows line endings (\r\n or CRLF) as ^M$.
In vi...
:set list to see line-endings.
:set nolist to go back to normal.
While I don't think you can see \n or \r\n in vi, you can see which type of file it is (UNIX, DOS, etc.) to infer which line endings it has...
:set ff
Alternatively, from bash you can use od -t c <filename> or just od -c <filename> to display the returns.
In the bash shell, try cat -v <filename>. This should display carriage-returns for windows files.
(This worked for me in rxvt via Cygwin on Windows XP).
Editor's note: cat -v visualizes \r (CR) chars. as ^M. Thus, line-ending \r\n sequences will display as ^M at the end of each output line. cat -e will additionally visualize \n, namely as $. (cat -et will additionally visualize tab chars. as ^I.)
Try file, then file -k, then dos2unix -ih
file will usually be enough. But for tough cases try file -k or dosunix -ih.
Details below.
Try file -k
Short version: file -k somefile.txt will tell you.
- It will output
with CRLF line endingsfor DOS/Windows line endings. - It will output
with CR line endingsfor MAC line endings. - It will just output
textfor Linux/Unix "LF" line endings. (So if it does not explicitly mention any kind ofline endingsthen this means: "LF line endings".)
Long version see below.
Real world example: Certificate Encoding
I sometimes have to check this for PEM certificate files.
The trouble with regular file is this: Sometimes it's trying to be too smart/too specific.
Let's try a little quiz: I've got some files. And one of these files has different line endings. Which one?
(By the way: this is what one of my typical "certificate work" directories looks like.)
Let's try regular file:
$ file -- *
0.example.end.cer: PEM certificate
0.example.end.key: PEM RSA private key
1.example.int.cer: PEM certificate
2.example.root.cer: PEM certificate
example.opensslconfig.ini: ASCII text
example.req: PEM certificate request
Huh. It's not telling me the line endings. And I already knew that those were cert files. I didn't need "file" to tell me that.
Some network appliances are really, really picky about how their certificate files are encoded. That's why I need to know.
What else can you try?
You might try dos2unix with the --info switch like this:
$ dos2unix --info -- *
37 0 0 no_bom text 0.example.end.cer
0 27 0 no_bom text 0.example.end.key
0 28 0 no_bom text 1.example.int.cer
0 25 0 no_bom text 2.example.root.cer
0 35 0 no_bom text example.opensslconfig.ini
0 19 0 no_bom text example.req
So that tells you that: yup, "0.example.end.cer" must be the odd man out. But what kind of line endings are there? Do you know the dos2unix output format by heart? (I don't.)
But fortunately there's the --keep-going (or -k for short) option in file:
$ file --keep-going -- *
0.example.end.cer: PEM certificate\012- , ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators\012- data
0.example.end.key: PEM RSA private key\012- , ASCII text\012- data
1.example.int.cer: PEM certificate\012- , ASCII text\012- data
2.example.root.cer: PEM certificate\012- , ASCII text\012- data
example.opensslconfig.ini: ASCII text\012- data
example.req: PEM certificate request\012- , ASCII text\012- data
Excellent! Now we know that our odd file has DOS (CRLF) line endings. (And the other files have Unix (LF) line endings. This is not explicit in this output. It's implicit. It's just the way file expects a "regular" text file to be.)
(If you wanna share my mnemonic: "L" is for "Linux" and for "LF".)
Now let's convert the culprit and try again:
$ dos2unix -- 0.example.end.cer
$ file --keep-going -- *
0.example.end.cer: PEM certificate\012- , ASCII text\012- data
0.example.end.key: PEM RSA private key\012- , ASCII text\012- data
1.example.int.cer: PEM certificate\012- , ASCII text\012- data
2.example.root.cer: PEM certificate\012- , ASCII text\012- data
example.opensslconfig.ini: ASCII text\012- data
example.req: PEM certificate request\012- , ASCII text\012- data
Good. Now all certs have Unix line endings.
Try dos2unix -ih
I didn't know this when I was writing the example above but:
Actually it turns out that dos2unix will give you a header line if you use -ih (short for --info=h) like so:
$ dos2unix -ih -- *
DOS UNIX MAC BOM TXTBIN FILE
0 37 0 no_bom text 0.example.end.cer
0 27 0 no_bom text 0.example.end.key
0 28 0 no_bom text 1.example.int.cer
0 25 0 no_bom text 2.example.root.cer
0 35 0 no_bom text example.opensslconfig.ini
0 19 0 no_bom text example.req
And another "actually" moment: The header format is really easy to remember: Here's two mnemonics:
- It's DUMB (left to right: d for Dos, u for Unix, m for Mac, b for BOM).
- And also: "DUM" is just the alphabetical ordering of D, U and M.
Further reading
man fileman dos2unix- Wikipedia: Newline
To show CR as ^M in less use less -u or type -u once less is open.
man less says:
-u or --underline-special Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be treated as print- able characters; that is, they are sent to the terminal when they appear in the input.
You can use xxd to show a hex dump of the file, and hunt through for "0d0a" or "0a" chars.
You can use cat -v <filename> as @warriorpostman suggests.
You may use the command todos filename to convert to DOS endings, and fromdos filename to convert to UNIX line endings. To install the package on Ubuntu, type sudo apt-get install tofrodos.
You can use vim -b filename to edit a file in binary mode, which will show ^M characters for carriage return and a new line is indicative of LF being present, indicating Windows CRLF line endings. By LF I mean \n and by CR I mean \r. Note that when you use the -b option the file will always be edited in UNIX mode by default as indicated by [unix] in the status line, meaning that if you add new lines they will end with LF, not CRLF. If you use normal vim without -b on a file with CRLF line endings, you should see [dos] shown in the status line and inserted lines will have CRLF as end of line. The vim documentation for fileformats setting explains the complexities.
Also, I don't have enough points to comment on the Notepad++ answer, but if you use Notepad++ on Windows, use the View / Show Symbol / Show End of Line menu to display CR and LF. In this case LF is shown whereas for vim the LF is indicated by a new line.
I dump my output to a text file. I then open it in notepad ++ then click the show all characters button. Not very elegant but it works.
Vim - always show Windows newlines as ^M
If you prefer to always see the Windows newlines in vim render as ^M, you can add this line to your .vimrc:
set ffs=unix
This will make vim interpret every file you open as a unix file. Since unix files have \n as the newline character, a windows file with a newline character of \r\n will still render properly (thanks to the \n) but will have ^M at the end of the file (which is how vim renders the \r character).
Vim - sometimes show Windows newlines
If you'd prefer just to set it on a per-file basis, you can use :e ++ff=unix when editing a given file.
Vim - always show filetype (unix vs dos)
If you want the bottom line of vim to always display what filetype you're editing (and you didn't force set the filetype to unix) you can add to your statusline with
set statusline+=\ %{&fileencoding?&fileencoding:&encoding}.
My full statusline is provided below. Just add it to your .vimrc.
" Make statusline stay, otherwise alerts will hide it
set laststatus=2
set statusline=
set statusline+=%#PmenuSel#
set statusline+=%#LineNr#
" This says 'show filename and parent dir'
set statusline+=%{expand('%:p:h:t')}/%t
" This says 'show filename as would be read from the cwd'
" set statusline+=\ %f
set statusline+=%m\
set statusline+=%=
set statusline+=%#CursorColumn#
set statusline+=\ %y
set statusline+=\ %{&fileencoding?&fileencoding:&encoding}
set statusline+=\[%{&fileformat}\]
set statusline+=\ %p%%
set statusline+=\ %l:%c
set statusline+=\
It'll render like
.vim/vimrc\ [vim] utf-8[unix] 77% 315:6
at the bottom of your file
Vim - sometimes show filetype (unix vs dos)
If you just want to see what type of file you have, you can use :set fileformat (this will not work if you've force set the filetype). It will return unix for unix files and dos for Windows.
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