Creating an interface for an abstract class template in C++

I have the code as below. I have a abstract template class Foo and two subclasses (Foo1 and Foo2) which derive from instantiations of the template. I wish to use pointers in my program that can point to either objects of type Foo1 or Foo2, hence I created an interface IFoo.

My problem is I'm not sure how to include functionB in the interface, since it is dependant on the template instantiation. Is it even possible to make functionB accessible via the interface, or am I attempting the impossible?

Thank you very much for your help.

class IFoo {
    pu开发者_运维知识库blic:
        virtual functionA()=0;

};

template<class T>
class Foo : public IFoo{
    public:
        functionA(){ do something; };
        functionB(T arg){ do something; };
};

class Foo1 : public Foo<int>{
...
};

class Foo2 : public Foo<double>{
...
};

You are actually attempting the impossible.

The very heart of the matter is simple: virtual and template do not mix well.

• template is about compile-time code generation. You can think of it as some kind of type-aware macros + a few sprinkled tricks for meta programming.
• virtual is about runtime decision, and this require some work.

virtual is usually implemented using a virtual tables (think of a table which lists the methods). The number of methods need be known at compile time and is defined in the base class.

However, with your requirement, we would need a virtual table of infinite size, containing methods for types we haven't seen yet and that will only be defined in the years to come... it's unfortunately impossible.

And if it were possible ?

Well, it just would not make sense. What happens when I call Foo2 with an int ? It's not meant for it! Therefore it breaks the principle that Foo2 implements all the methods from IFoo.

So, it would be better if you stated the real problem, this way we could help you at a design level rather than at a technical level :)

Easiest way is to make your interface templated.

template <class T>
class IFoo {
    public:
        virtual void functionA()=0;
        virtual void functionB(T arg){ do something; };
};

template<class T>
class Foo : public IFoo<T>{
    public:
        void functionA(){ do something; };
        void functionB(T arg){ do something; };
};

Since functionB's argument type must be known in advance, you have only one choice: Make it a type which can hold every possible argument. This is sometimes called a "top type" and the boost libraries have the any type which gets quite close to what a top type would do. Here is what could work:

#include <boost/any.hpp>
#include <iostream>
using namespace boost;

class IFoo {
    public:
    virtual void functionA()=0;
    virtual void functionB(any arg)=0; //<-can hold almost everything
};

template<class T>
class Foo : public IFoo{
    public:
        void functionA(){  };
        void real_functionB(T arg)
        {
         std::cout << arg << std::endl;
        };
        // call the real functionB with the actual value in arg
        // if there is no T in arg, an exception is thrown!

        virtual void functionB(any arg)
        {
            real_functionB(any_cast<T>(arg));
        }
};

int main()
{
    Foo<int> f_int;
    IFoo &if_int=f_int;

    if_int.functionB(10);

    Foo<double> f_double;
    IFoo &if_double=f_double;
if_int.functionB(10.0);

}

Unfortunately, any_cast does not know about the usual conversions. For example any_cast<double>(any(123)) throws an exception, because it does not even try to convert the integer 123 to a double. If does not care about conversions, because it is impossible to replicate all of them anyway. So there are a couple of limitations, but it is possible to find workarounds if necessary.

I don't think you can get what you want. Think of this if you were to implement your suggestion: if you have a pointer to an IFoo instance and you call functionB(), what type parameter should you give it? The underlying problem is that Foo1::functionB and Foo2::functionB have different signatures and do different things.

You can achieve something comparable by wrapping the IFoo* pointer in a class and exposing the functionality via generic template functions of the non-templated wrapper class:

#include <assert.h>

// interface class
class IFoo {
public:
    virtual int type() const = 0; // return an identifier for the template parameter
    virtual bool functionA() = 0;
};

// This function returns a unique identifier for each supported T
template <typename T> static int TypeT() { static_assert("not specialized yet"); }
template <> static int TypeT<bool>() { return 0; }
template <> static int TypeT<double>() { return 1; }
//template <> static int TypeT<...>() { ... }

// templated class
template <typename T> class FooT : public IFoo {
public:
    int type() const override { return TypeT<T>(); }

    bool functionA() override { return true; }

    // not in interface
    bool functionB(T arg) { return arg == T(); }
};

// function to create an instance of FooT (could also be static function in FooT)
static IFoo* CreateFooT(int type)
{
    switch (type)
    {
    case 0: return new FooT<bool>();
    case 1: return new FooT<double>();
    //case ...: return new FooT<...>();
    default: return nullptr;
    }
}


// Non-templated wrapper class
class FooWrapper {
private:
    IFoo *pFoo;
public:
    FooWrapper(int type) : pFoo(CreateFooT(type)) { assert(pFoo != nullptr); }
    ~FooWrapper() { delete pFoo; }

    bool functionA() { return pFoo->functionA(); }

    template <typename T> bool functionB(T arg)
    {
        if(pFoo->type() != TypeT<T>())
        {
            assert(pFoo->type() == TypeT<T>());
            return false;
        }
        return static_cast<typename FooT<T>*>(pFoo)->functionB(arg);
    }



    // fun stuff:
    // (const pendants omitted for readability)

    bool changeType(int type)
    {
        delete pFoo;
        pFoo = CreateFooT(type);
        return pFoo != nullptr;
    }

    IFoo* Interface() { return pFoo; }

    IFoo* operator->() { return pFoo; }

    operator IFoo&() { return *pFoo; }

    template <typename T> FooT<T> *InterfaceT()
    {
        if(pFoo->type() != TypeT<T>())
        {
            assert(pFoo->type() == TypeT<T>());
            return nullptr;
        }
        return static_cast<typename FooT<T>*>(pFoo);
    }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    FooWrapper w1(TypeT<bool>());
    FooWrapper w2(TypeT<double>());

    w1.functionA(); // ok
    w2.functionA(); // ok

    w1.functionB(true); // ok
    w1.functionB(0.5); // runtime error!

    w2.functionB(true); // runtime error!
    w2.functionB(0.5); // ok


    // fun stuff
    w2.changeType(TypeT<bool>()); // older changes will be lost
    w2.functionB(true); // -> now ok

    w1.Interface()->functionA();
    w1->functionA();

    IFoo &iref = w1;
    iref.functionA();

    FooT<bool> *ref = w1.InterfaceT<bool>();
    ref->functionB(true);

    return 0;
}

It is of course your responsibility to call the functions with the correct types, but you can easily add some error handling.