Generate a random alphanumeric string in Cocoa

I want to call a method, pa开发者_如何学运维ss it the length and have it generate a random alphanumeric string.

Are there any utility libraries out there that may have a bunch of these types of functions?

Here's a quick and dirty implementation. Hasn't been tested.

NSString *letters = @"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789";

-(NSString *) randomStringWithLength: (int) len {

    NSMutableString *randomString = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity: len];

    for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
         [randomString appendFormat: @"%C", [letters characterAtIndex: arc4random_uniform([letters length])]];
    }

    return randomString;
}

Not exactly what you ask, but still useful:

[[NSProcessInfo processInfo] globallyUniqueString]

Sample output:

450FEA63-2286-4B49-8ACC-9822C7D4356B-1376-00000239A4AC4FD5

NSString *alphabet  = @"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXZY0123456789";
NSMutableString *s = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:20];
for (NSUInteger i = 0U; i < 20; i++) {
    u_int32_t r = arc4random() % [alphabet length];
    unichar c = [alphabet characterAtIndex:r];
    [s appendFormat:@"%C", c];
}

Surely you can make this shorter:

+(NSString*)generateRandomString:(int)num {
    NSMutableString* string = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:num];
    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
        [string appendFormat:@"%C", (unichar)('a' + arc4random_uniform(26))];
    }
    return string;
}

If you're willing to limit yourself to hex characters only, then the simplest option is to generate a UUID:

NSString *uuid = [NSUUID UUID].UUIDString;

Example output: 16E3DF0B-87B3-4162-A1A1-E03DB2F59654.

If you want a smaller random string then you can grab just the first 8 characters.

It's a version 4 UUID which means the first character in the 3rd and 4th group is not random (they will always be 4 and one of 8, 9, A or B).

Every other character in the string is fully random and you can generate millions of UUIDs every second for hundreds of years without much risk of the same UUID being generated twice.

A category version of Jeff B's answer.

NSString+Random.h

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface NSString (Random)

+ (NSString *)randomAlphanumericStringWithLength:(NSInteger)length;

@end

NSString+Random.m

#import "NSString+Random.h"

 @implementation NSString (Random)

+ (NSString *)randomAlphanumericStringWithLength:(NSInteger)length
{ 
    NSString *letters = @"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789";
    NSMutableString *randomString = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:length];

    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        [randomString appendFormat:@"%C", [letters characterAtIndex:arc4random() % [letters length]]];
    }

    return randomString;
}

@end

You could also just generate a UUID. While not truly random, they are complex and unique which makes them appear random for most uses. Generate one as a string and then take a range of characters equal to the passed length.

Swift

func randomStringWithLength(length: Int) -> String {
    let alphabet = "-_1234567890abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
    let upperBound = UInt32(count(alphabet))
    return String((0..<length).map { _ -> Character in
        return alphabet[advance(alphabet.startIndex, Int(arc4random_uniform(upperBound)))]
    })
}

Here's a different way to tackle it. Instead of using a prepared string of characters, you can cast between integers and characters, and generate a dynamic list of characters to select. It's pretty lean and fast, but has a bit more code.

int charNumStart = (int) '0';
int charNumEnd = (int) '9';
int charCapitalStart = (int) 'A';
int charCapitalEnd = (int) 'Z';
int charLowerStart = (int) 'a';
int charLowerEnd = (int) 'z';

int amountOfChars = (charNumEnd - charNumStart) + (charCapitalEnd - charCapitalStart) + (charLowerEnd - charLowerStart); // amount of the characters we want.
int firstGap = charCapitalStart - charNumEnd; // there are gaps of random characters between numbers and uppercase letters, so this allows us to skip those.
int secondGap = charLowerStart - charCapitalEnd; // similar to above, but between uppercase and lowercase letters.

// START generates a log to show us which characters we are considering for our UID.
NSMutableString *chars = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:amountOfChars];
for (int i = charNumStart; i <= charLowerEnd; i++) {
    if ((i >= charNumStart && i <= charNumEnd) || (i >= charCapitalStart && i <= charCapitalEnd) || (i >= charLowerStart && i <= charLowerEnd)) {
        [chars appendFormat:@"\n%c", (char) i];
    }
}
NSLog(@"chars: %@", chars);
// END log

// Generate a uid of 20 characters that chooses from our desired range.
int uidLength = 20;
NSMutableString *uid = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:uidLength];
for (int i = 0; i < uidLength; i++) {
    // Generate a random number within our character range.
    int randomNum = arc4random() % amountOfChars;
    // Add the lowest value number to line this up with a desirable character.
    randomNum += charNumStart;
    // if the number is in the letter range, skip over the characters between the numbers and letters.
    if (randomNum > charNumEnd) {
        randomNum += firstGap;
    }
    // if the number is in the lowercase letter range, skip over the characters between the uppercase and lowercase letters.
    if (randomNum > charCapitalEnd) {
        randomNum += secondGap;
    }
    // append the chosen character.
    [uid appendFormat:@"%c", (char) randomNum];
}
NSLog(@"uid: %@", uid);

// Generate a UID that selects any kind of character, including a lot of punctuation. It's a bit easier to do it this way.
int amountOfAnyCharacters = charLowerEnd - charNumStart; // A new range of characters.
NSMutableString *multiCharUid = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:uidLength];
for (int i = 0; i < uidLength; i++) {
    // Generate a random number within our new character range.
    int randomNum = arc4random() % amountOfAnyCharacters;
    // Add the lowest value number to line this up with our range of characters.
    randomNum += charNumStart;
    // append the chosen character.
    [multiCharUid appendFormat:@"%c", (char) randomNum];
}
NSLog(@"multiCharUid: %@", multiCharUid);

When I'm doing random character generation, I prefer to work directly with integers and cast them over, instead of writing out the list of chars that I want to draw from. Declaring the variables at the top makes it more system independent, but this code assumes that numbers will have a lower value than letters, and that uppercase letters will have a lower value than lowercase letters.

Alternative solution in Swift

func generateString(len: Int) -> String {
    let letters = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"
    let lettersLength = UInt32(countElements(letters))
    let result = (0..<len).map { _ -> String in
        let idx = Int(arc4random_uniform(lettersLength))
        return String(letters[advance(letters.startIndex, idx)])
    }
    return "".join(result)
}

Modification of a few ideas here, and in done Swift 4.0

extension String
{
    subscript (i: Int) -> Character
    {
        return self[index(startIndex, offsetBy:i)]
    }

    static func Random(length:Int=32, alphabet:String="ABCDEF0123456789") -> String
    {
        let upperBound = UInt32(alphabet.count)
        return String((0..<length).map { _ -> Character in
            return alphabet[Int(arc4random_uniform(upperBound))]
        })
    }
}

Usage:

let myHexString = String.Random()
let myLongHexString = String.Random(length:64)
let myLettersString = String.Random(length:32, alphabet:"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ")

If you want a random unicode string, you can create random bytes and then use the valid ones.

    OSStatus sanityCheck = noErr;
    uint8_t * randomBytes = NULL;
    size_t length = 200; // can of course be variable

    randomBytes = malloc( length * sizeof(uint8_t) );
    memset((void *)randomBytes, 0x0, length);

    sanityCheck = SecRandomCopyBytes(kSecRandomDefault, length, randomBytes);

    if (sanityCheck != noErr) NSLog(@"Error generating random bytes, OSStatus == %ld.", sanityCheck);

    NSData* randomData = [[NSData alloc] initWithBytes:(const void *)randomBytes length: length];
    if (randomBytes) free(randomBytes);

    NSString* dataString = [[NSString alloc] initWithCharacters:[randomData bytes] length:[randomData length]];  // create an NSString from the random bytes
    NSData* tempData = [dataString dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding allowLossyConversion:YES];             // remove illegal characters from string
    NSString* randomString = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:tempData encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];

The conversion from NSString to NSData and back is necessary to get a valid UTF-8 string. Be aware that length will not necessarily be the length of the the NSString created in the end.

I did this using a simple char[] instead of an NSString * for the alphabet. I added this to a NSString category.

static const char __alphabet[] =
    "0123456789"
    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
    "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+ (NSString *)randomString:(int)length
{
    NSMutableString *randomString = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:length];
    u_int32_t alphabetLength = (u_int32_t)strlen(__alphabet);
    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        [randomString appendFormat:@"%c", __alphabet[arc4random_uniform(alphabetLength)]];
    }
    return randomString;
}

Adding to good answer given by Melvin, here is a function I made (in SWIFT!) to get a random string:

func randomStringOfLength(length:Int)->String{
    var wantedCharacters:NSString="abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXZY0123456789"
    var s=NSMutableString(capacity: length)
    for (var i:Int = 0; i < length; i++) {
        let r:UInt32 = arc4random() % UInt32( wantedCharacters.length)
        let c:UniChar = wantedCharacters.characterAtIndex( Int(r) )
        s.appendFormat("%C", c)
    }
    return s
}

Here is a test result from calling randomStringOfLength(10): uXa0igA8wm

static NSUInteger length = 32;
static NSString *letters = @"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789";
NSMutableString * randomString = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:length];
for (NSInteger i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
    [randomString appendFormat: @"%C", [letters characterAtIndex:(NSUInteger)arc4random_uniform((u_int32_t)[letters length])]];
}

Generates lowercase alphanumeric random string with given length:

-(NSString*)randomStringWithLength:(NSUInteger)length
{
    NSMutableString* random = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:length];

    for (NSUInteger i=0; i<length; i++)
    {
        char c = '0' + (unichar)arc4random()%36;
        if(c > '9') c += ('a'-'9'-1);
        [random appendFormat:@"%c", c];
    }

    return random;
}

Method to call:

NSString *string = [self stringWithRandomSuffixForFile:@"file.pdf" withLength:4]

Method:

- (NSString *)stringWithRandomSuffixForFile:(NSString *)file withLength:(int)length
{
    NSString *alphabet = @"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
    NSString *fileExtension = [file pathExtension];
    NSString *fileName = [file stringByDeletingPathExtension];
    NSMutableString *randomString = [NSMutableString stringWithFormat:@"%@_", fileName];

    for (int x = 0; x < length; x++) {
        [randomString appendFormat:@"%C", [alphabet characterAtIndex: arc4random_uniform((int)[alphabet length]) % [alphabet length]]];
    }
    [randomString appendFormat:@".%@", fileExtension];

    NSLog(@"## randomString: %@ ##", randomString);
    return randomString;
}

Results:

## randomString: file_Msci.pdf ##
## randomString: file_xshG.pdf ##
## randomString: file_abAD.pdf ##
## randomString: file_HVwV.pdf ##

for Swift 3.0

func randomString(_ length: Int) -> String {

    let letters : NSString = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"
    let len = UInt32(letters.length)

    var randomString = ""

    for _ in 0 ..< length {
        let rand = arc4random_uniform(len)
        var nextChar = letters.character(at: Int(rand))
        randomString += NSString(characters: &nextChar, length: 1) as String
    }

    return randomString
}

#define ASCII_START_NUMERS 0x30
#define ASCII_END_NUMERS 0x39
#define ASCII_START_LETTERS_A 0x41
#define ASCII_END_LETTERS_Z 0x5A
#define ASCII_START_LETTERS_a 0x61
#define ASCII_END_LETTERS_z 0x5A

-(NSString *)getRandomString:(int)length {
    NSMutableString *result = [[NSMutableString alloc]init];
    while (result.length != length) {
        NSMutableData* data = [NSMutableData dataWithLength:1];
        SecRandomCopyBytes(kSecRandomDefault, 1, [data mutableBytes]);
        Byte currentChar = 0;
        [data getBytes:&currentChar length:1];
        NSString *s = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:data encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
        if (currentChar > ASCII_START_NUMERS && currentChar < ASCII_END_NUMERS) { // 0 to 0
            [result appendString:s];
            continue;
        }
        if (currentChar > ASCII_START_LETTERS_A && currentChar < ASCII_END_LETTERS_Z) { // 0 to 0
            [result appendString:s];
            continue;
        }
        if (currentChar > ASCII_START_LETTERS_a && currentChar < ASCII_END_LETTERS_z) { // 0 to 0
            [result appendString:s];
            continue;
        }
    }
    return result;
}

Modification for keithyip's answer:

+ (NSString *)randomAlphanumericStringWithLength:(NSInteger)length
{
    static NSString * const letters = @"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789";
    static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
    dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
        srand(time(NULL));
    });

    NSMutableString *randomString = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:length];

    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        [randomString appendFormat:@"%C", [letters characterAtIndex:arc4random() % [letters length]]];
    }

    return randomString;
}