Use-cases of pure virtual functions with body?

I recently came to know that in C++ pure virtual fun开发者_开发百科ctions can optionally have a body.

What are the real-world use cases for such functions?

The classic is a pure virtual destructor:

class abstract {
  public: 
    virtual ~abstract() = 0;
};

abstract::~abstract() {}

You make it pure because there's nothing else to make so, and you want the class to be abstract, but you have to provide an implementation nevertheless, because the derived classes' destructors call yours explicitly. Yeah, I know, a pretty silly textbook example, but as such it's a classic. It must have been in the first edition of The C++ Programming Language.

Anyway, I can't remember ever really needing the ability to implement a pure virtual function. To me it seems the only reason this feature is there is because it would have had to be explicitly disallowed and Stroustrup didn't see a reason for that.

If you ever feel you need this feature, you're probably on the wrong track with your design.

Pure virtual functions with or without a body simply mean that the derived types must provide their own implementation.

Pure virtual function bodies in the base class are useful if your derived classes wants to call your base class implementation.

One reason that an abstract base class (with a pure virtual function) might provide an implementation for a pure virtual function it declares is to let derived classes have an easy 'default' they can choose to use. There isn't a whole lot of advantage to this over a normal virtual function that can be optionally overridden - in fact, the only real difference is that you're forcing the derived class to be explicit about using the 'default' base class implementation:

class foo {
public:
    virtual int interface();
};

int foo::interface() 
{
    printf( "default foo::interface() called\n");
    return 0;
};


class pure_foo {
public:
    virtual int interface() = 0;
};

int pure_foo::interface()
{
    printf( "default pure_foo::interface() called\n");
    return 42;
}

//------------------------------------

class foobar : public foo {
    // no need to override to get default behavior
};

class foobar2 : public pure_foo {
public:
    // need to be explicit about the override, even to get default behavior
    virtual int interface();
};

int foobar2::interface()
{
    // foobar is lazy; it'll just use pure_foo's default
    return pure_foo::interface();
}

I'm not sure there's a whole lot of benefit - maybe in cases where a design started out with an abstract class, then over time found that a lot of the derived concrete classes were implementing the same behavior, so they decided to move that behavior into a base class implementation for the pure virtual function.

I suppose it might also be reasonable to put common behavior into the pure virtual function's base class implementation that the derived classes might be expected to modify/enhance/augment.

One use case is calling the pure virtual function from the constructor or the destructor of the class.

The almighty Herb Sutter, former chair of the C++ standard committee, did give 3 scenarios where you might consider providing implementations for pure virtual methods.

Gotta say that personally – I find none of them convincing, and generally consider this to be one of C++'s semantic warts. It seems C++ goes out of its way to build and tear apart abstract-parent vtables, then briefly exposes them only during child construction/destruction, and then the community experts unanimously recommend never to use them.

The only difference of virtual function with body and pure virtual function with body is that existence of second prevent instantiation. You can't mark class abstract in c++.

This question can really be confusing when learning OOD and C++. Personally, one thing constantly coming in my head was something like: If I needed a Pure Virtual function to also have an implementation, so why make it "Pure" in first place ? Why not just leaving it only "Virtual" and have derivatives, both benefit and override the base implementation ?

The confusion comes to the fact that many developers consider the no body/implementation as the primary goal/benefit of defining a pure virtual function. This is not true!

The absence of body is in most cases a logical consequence of having a pure virtual function. The main benefit of having a pure virtual function is defining a contract: By defining a pure virtual function, you want to force every derivative to always provide their own implementation of the function. This "contract aspect" is very important especially if you are developing something like a public API. Making the function only virtual is not so sufficient because derivatives are no longer forced to provide their own implementation, therefore you may loose the contract aspect (which can be limiting in the case of a public API).

As commonly said : "Virtual functions can be overrided, Pure Virtual functions must be overrided." And in most cases, contracts are abstract concepts so it doesn't make sense for the corresponding pure virtual functions to have any implementation.

But sometimes, and because life is weird, you may want to establish a strong contract among derivatives and also want them to somehow benefit from some default implementation while specifying their own behavior for the contract. Even if most book authors recommend to avoid getting yourself into these situations, the language needed to provide a safety net to prevent the worst! A simple virtual function wouldn't be enough since there might be risk of escaping the contract. So the solution C++ provided was to allow pure virtual functions to also be able to provide a default implementation.

The Sutter article cited above gives interesting use cases of having Pure Virtual functions with body.