Questions regarding ordering of catch statements in catch block - compiler specific or language standard?

I am currently using Visual Studio Express C++ 2008, and have some questions about catch block ordering. Unfortunately, I could not find the answer on the internet so I am posing these questions to the experts.

I notice that unless catch (...) is placed at the end of a catch block, the compilation will fail with error C2311. For example, the following would compile:

catch (MyException)
{
}
catch (...)
{
}

while the following would not:

catch (...)
{
}
catch (MyException)
{
}

a. Could I ask if this is defined in the C++ language standard, or if this is just the Microsoft compiler being strict?

b. Do C# and Java have the same rules as well?

c. As an aside, I have also tried making a base class and a derived class, and putting the catch statement for the base class before the catch statement for the derived class开发者_如何学C. This compiled without problems. Are there no language standards guarding against such practice please?

According to the standard, the order is significant. Basically the first catch that matches the exception will be caught.

a) Because catch(...) will make any following catches irrelevant, the standard only allows it to be the last catch.

b) C# and Java have similar rules.

c) catch (by reference or pointer) of a base before a derived class will make the code for the derived irrelevant. However, the standard does allow this

From C++ Standard 15.3/5 "Handling an exception":

The handlers for a try block are tried in order of appearance. That makes it possible to write handlers that can never be executed, for example by placing a handler for a derived class after a handler for a corresponding base class.

A ... in a handler’s exception-declaration functions similarly to ... in a function parameter declaration; it specifies a match for any exception. If present, a ... handler shall be the last handler for its try block.

The so called default handler catch(...) must be the last handler in the list of handlers. This is indeed required by the standard. However, this requirement is specific to default handler.

Otherwise the standard does not restrict the ordering of the handlers, meaning that generally you can create a handler that would "intercept" all exceptions that would otherwise reach some other handler down the list (thus making the latter handler useless).

Moreover, it is perfectly legal to repeat the same catch clause (with the same type) several times

catch (int) {
  // ...
}
catch (int) {
  // ...
}

even though only the first one will have a chance of ever catching anything. A good compiler will issue a warning for cases like that, but formally it is not an error.