What is C's analogy to LabVIEW's Event Structure?

One programming construct I use quite a bit in LabVIEW is the Event Structure. This gives me the benefit of not having to needlessly waste CPU cycles via polling but only perform actions when an event I'm interested in is generated.

As an experienced LabVIEW programmer with a decent understanding of C, I'm curious how one would go about emulating LabVIEW's event s开发者_如何学Gotructure in C; preferably under Linux. A small code sample (like the one in the link above) illustrating how this might be done would be much appreciated. Also, if there already exists 3rd party libraries (for Linux) to add this event framework to C, that would be nice to know as well. Thanks.

The Event Structure is really just an abstraction that hides the thread of execution from you. There has to be some code running somewhere on the computer that is checking for these events and then calling your event handlers. in C, you'd be expected to provide this code (the "main loop" of the program) yourself. This code would check the various event sources you are interested in and call your event handler functions.

The trick then becomes how to not have this main loop wildly spinning the CPU. One easy trick is to have the main loop sleep for a period of time and then check if any events need to be handled, and then sleep again. This has the downside of introducing latency. A better trick, when applicable, is to have the Operating System do these checks as part of its normal operations, and then wake your application's main loop up when something interesting happened. In Linux, this is done with the 'select' system call, but select has the limitation that it can only specify a resource that can be associated with a file descriptor, so devices, stdin, files, network ports are fine.

Edit: To clarify for my downvoters: I am not denying the existance of hardware interrupts. Yes, in cases where code has direct access to hardware interrupts for all events that it wishes to handle (such as an embedded system or device driver) you can write truly "event driven" code with multiple entry points that does not busy wait or sleep. However, in a normal application level C program running under Linux, this code architecture does not literally exist but is emulated at the application level. Any Linux application is going to have a main loop, and at least one thread of execution. This thread may get paused by the scheduler, but it always exists and always has an instruction pointer at a particular instruction. If the code leaves the main() the program ends. There is no facility for the code to return from main and get a callback later on from the kernel. The code has a single entry point and must call its various event handlers manually. Other than in a device driver (or very specific system code using signals), you can not have the kernel or hardware automatically call a certain function if the user clicked on a certain menu item, instead your code is running, detects this event itself, and calls the correct event handler.

You can tell LabView "Call this function when XX happens". In C, you tell your own event dispatch code "Call this function when XX happens".

What I'm trying to say (poorly?) is that the Event framework architecture is not native to a C / Linux application. It must be emulated by your code by having a main dispatch thread that gives the appearance of an event driven framework. Either you do this manually, or use an event library that does this behind the scenes to give the appearance of an event driven model. LabView takes the second approach, so it appears that no code is running when no events are happening, but in reality there is LabView's own C++ code running managing the event queues. This doesn't mean that it is busy waiting all the time, as I said before there are system calls such as select and sleep that the code can use to yield cpu time when it has no work to do, but the code can not simply stop executing.

Lets say you want to write an "event driven" program with two event handlers. One that gets called every ten seconds called tick() and one that gets called every time a key gets pressed called key(), and one that gets called everytime the word "foobar" gets typed called foobar(). You can define these three event handlers, but in addition you need some dispatch main thread that basically does

 while not quitting
   If 10 seconds have elapsed, call tick()
   If Key has been Pressed
       call key() 
       add save the key to our key buffer
       If buffer now contains "foobar" call foobar() and clear buffer
   Wait()

If all of the events you care about are system level events or time level events, you can Wait() can simply be telling the kernel 'wake me up when one of these things happens' so I don't need to 'busy wait', But you can't simply tell the Kernel "call foobar() when "foobar is pressed". You have to have application level dispatch code that emulates the Event Structure. You're C program only has a single entry point from the kernel for each thread of execution. If you look at libraries that provide event dispatch models, such as Qt, you will find that they are working like this under the hood.

I like libev for this sort of thing.

Most GUI toolkits (GTK, Qt, etc.) implement their own abstraction of an event loop. I've pastebinned a sample program here, because it was a bit long to include in the answer. It's a port of the LabVIEW example you mentioned to C using the GTK toolkit, because that's the one I'm familiar with. The basics of the event loop are not much different in other toolkits, though.

If all you care about is keyboard input, C standard I/O is what you want. By default input streams are buffered and will stall your program until input is received. Use scanf, getchar, whatever else in <stdio.h>.

If you want mouse input, you'll need to be more specific about your platform as C/C++ has no native support for the mouse or windows.

A good analogy to LabVIEWs event structure is Win32's "event pull" function GetMessage(). GetMessage() waits forever until a GUI event occurs. There are much more events, even for every child window (LabVIEW: control or indicator) in Windows than in LabVIEW. GetMessage() simply returns on every event, fine filtering (as in LabVIEW) has to be done later, typically using DispatchMessage() and the Window's event handler procedure WindowProc() with its more or less large switch() statement.

Most tookits use "event push" style which is not adaequate to the event structure. Interrupt driven programs too.

If a timeout is used, think that MsgWaitForMultipleObjects() with zero file handles is called before PeekMessage(). The timeout case applies when no event arrived in the given time span.

Actually, LabVIEWs event structure should be inside a separate loop. A separate loop is a thread. For typical Win32 programming, GetMessage() is used in the main thread, and additional ("worker") threads are generated by user interaction as needed.

LabVIEW cannot easily create a thread. It is only possible by invoking an asynchronous SubVI. Really! Therefore, most LabVIEW programs use a second while loop as a permanently available worker thread that will run when something has to be done and block (i.e. stop consuming CPU power) otherwise. To instruct what has to be done in background, a queue is used. As a bad side effect, when the worker thread does something, the user cannot do something else in background as there is only one worker thread.

The LabVIEWs event structure has a big difference to other programming languages: LabVIEW events can have multiple consumers! If multiple event structures are used, everything continues to work well (except for events with boolean return values). In Windows, events are posted to a specific thread, mostly to a Windows' thread. To feed multiple threads, events have to be posted multiple times. Similar to other programming languages. Events there are handled by something similar to LabVIEWs “Queue” related functions: If someone receives the event, it is out off the queue.

Multiple-targetting require that every consumer registers itself somehow to the producer. For GUI events, this is done automatically. For user events, this must be done programmatically. See LabVIEW examples.

Distributing events to multiple listeners is realized in Windows using DDE but that's merely for processes than for threads. Registering to a thread is done using DdeConnect() or similar, and events are pushed to a callback function. (To be more exact how Win32 works, GetMessage() receives DDE messages, and DispathcMessage() actually calls the callback function.)