Technique for ensuring HTML- and URL-encoding

Has anyone implemented a good system for ensuring that output is properly HTML-encoded where it makes sense? Maybe even something that recognizes when output should be URL-encoded or JSON-encoded instead?

The lazy approach — just encoding all inputs — causes problems when you want to send those inputs to a database, or to a block of JavaScript code. So something a little smarter is needed.

The tedious approach — putting the proper encoding function around each piece of data on the template — works, but it's easy for develop开发者_运维技巧ers to forget to do it.

Is there a good approach that makes it easy for developers, and ensures that the right encoding is done? I was listening to one of the SO podcasts, and Joel tossed out an idea about using typed data to enforce a difference between HTML-encoded strings and non-encoded strings. Maybe that could be a starting point.

I'm looking more for a strategy than for an implementation in a particular language (although I'd be happy to hear about implementations that already exist and work).

EDIT: Here are some links I've found so far:

• A type-based solution to the "strings problem"
• String::Smart
• Reducing XSS by way of Automatic Context-Aware Escaping in Template Systems
• Secure String Interpolation in JS

Data that goes into your database probably should not have any escaping for HTML, JavaScript, or what have you. If you do include markup, you'll just have to strip it out if you decide to inject this data into a CSV file or PDF, etc...

Instead, whenever you query 'raw' data like this out of the database, escape the data at that time as appropriate to wherever you're injecting it; HTML, a JavaScript string, server-side scripting, etc.