In C++ what does it mean for a compiler to "inline" a function object?

In the wikipedia article about function开发者_如何学Go objects it says such objects have performance advantages when used with for_each because the compiler can "inline" them.

I'm a bit foggy on exactly what this means in this context... or any context I'm embarrassed to say. Thanks for any help!

The last parameter of for_each template is a functor. Functor is something that can be "called" using the () operator (possibly with arguments). By defintion, there are two distinctive kinds of functors:

1. Ordinary non-member functions are functors.
2. Objects of class type with overloaded () operator (so called function objects) are also functors.

Now, if you wanted to use an ordinary function as a functor for for_each, it would look something like the following

inline void do_something(int &i) { /* do something */ }

int main() {
  int array[10];
  std::for_each(array, array + 10, &do_something);
}

In this case the for_each template is instantiated with [deduced] arguments <int *, void (*)(int &)>. Note that the actual functor value in this case is the function pointer &do_something passed as the function argument. From the point of view of for_each function this is a run-time value. And since it is a run-time value, the calls to the functor cannot be inlined. (Just like it is in general case impossible to inline any call made through a function pointer).

But if we use a function object instead, the code might look as follows

struct do_something {
  void operator()(int &i) { /* do something */ }
}; 

int main() {
  int array[10];
  std::for_each(array, array + 10, do_something());
}

In this case the for_each template is instantiated with [deduced] arguments <int *, do_something>. The calls to the functor from inside for_each will be directed to do_something::operator(). The target for the call is known and fixed at compile-time. Since the target function is known at compile-time, the call can easily be inlined.

In the latter case we, of course, also have a run-time value passed as an argument to for_each. It is a [possibly "dummy" temporary] instance of do_something class we create when we call for_each. But this run-time value has no effect on the target for the call (unless the operator () is virtual), so it doesn't affect inlining.

Inline is the process a compiler can replace a call to a function with the contents of the function itself. It requires the compiler to know the contents of the function when it's being compiled.

The compiler often can't do this if a function pointer is passed.

Inlining just means replacing every call to that function with the body of that function directly.

It's an optimization for small functions because it reduces the overhead of jumping to a new function and then returning.

It means that the function's definition (code) may be copied and saving you from a function call (which is considered to be expensive on some systems). Think of macro replacement.