Ruby Integer(), Array(), et al -- what are they? Where do they come from?

I've come across conversions of the form Array(value), String(value), and Integer(value) on occasion. It appears to me that these are just syntactic sugar for a call to the corresponding value.to_a, value.to_s, or value.to_i methods.

So I'm wondering:

• Where/how are these are defined? I can't find them in Object, Module, Class, etc
• Are there any common scenarios for which it's preferable to use these rather than the corresponding/underlying to_X method?

• Could these be used in type-generic coercion? That is, can I do something 开发者_运维问答along the lines of

  [Integer, String, Array].each {|klass| klass.do_generic_coercion(foo) }
  

? (...and no, I don't really want to do that; I know the type I want out, but I'm looking to avoid the case statement.)

This is a good and difficult question. Let's answer the three parts.

First part

To find the definition, it is important to realize that the name of the method is "Array", etc., which can be quite counterintuitive, since methods are usually lowercase...

irb> method(:Array)
=> #<Method: Object(Kernel)#Array>

This tells you these are defined in Kernel, and thus available everywhere without requiring an explicit prefix.

Second part

Array(), String(),... are conversion methods. Calling obj.to_a will return an array, but will raise an NoMethodError if obj doesn't respond_to? :to_a. So the typical case when you'd prefer using Array(), String(), instead of to_a or to_s is when you are not positive an object responds to a given conversion method.

String(obj) will return nil if obj doesn't respond_to? :to_s. String(obj) will also check that the result of to_s is actually a string; it should be, but maybe an overly creative programmer decided to return something else?

Most other conversion methods act the same way, but Array(obj) is different. It will return [obj] if obj doesn't respond_to? :to_a. It will actually call to_ary (which is the implicit conversion operation, while to_a is the explicit one).

There is another important way to convert objects in 1.9 (and upcoming 1.8.8): Array.try_convert(obj). This returns nil if the obj does not respond_to? :to_ary. It will not call the to_a. Although they are longer to type, you might prefer using them when writing very general code that might accept different types of objects and want to avoid converting a hash to an array by mistake, for example (since Hash has a to_a method but not to_ary). When your method requires an array-like object and you are willing to do an explicit conversion, then obj.to_a is fine. The typical use of Array(obj) would be in a method that accepts either a single obj to act on, or a list of objects (although typically this is written as [*obj]).

Last part

Hopefully, the answers to the first two parts give you your final answer...

You can use:

[Integer, String, Array].each {|klass| klass.try_convert(foo) }

or

[:Integer, :String, :Array].each{|method| send(method, obj)}

Good question! Let's see if we can figure it out.

Ross-Harveys-MacBook-Pro:ruby-1.9.1-p376 ross$ irb
irb(main):001:0> Object.ancestors
=> [Object, Kernel]
irb(main):002:0> Kernel.ancestors
=> [Kernel]
irb(main):003:0> Kernel.class
=> Module
irb(main):004:0> Kernel.public_methods.include? "Array"
=> true

So, it looks like these are methods in the Kernel module that are mixed in to Object, so they are available without specifying a receiver. We might also want to peek at the C implementation, in object.c:

VALUE
rb_Array(VALUE val)
{
    VALUE tmp = rb_check_array_type(val);

    if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
        tmp = rb_check_convert_type(val, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_a");
        if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
            return rb_ary_new3(1, val);
        }
    }
    return tmp;
}

One thing seems easy to conclude, the default .to_a is deprecated, so it does seem like Array(x) is the canonical way to do the conversion. It apparently does nothing if given an Array, calls .to_a if that's present, and if not it just wraps its argument in an Array.

Regarding whether to_a is deprecated...well, I said "the default":

Ross-Harveys-MacBook-Pro:puppet_sd ross$ irb
irb(main):001:0> class X; X; end.new.to_a
(irb):1: warning: default `to_a' will be obsolete

They are Defined in Ruby Kernel Module, like:

Array(), Complex(), Float(), Integer(), Rational(), Stirng(), etc.

I found those method references in Dave Thomas's Pickaxe book "Progamming Ruby 1.9", page 555.

For example: Array(arg) will convert arg as an Array, following are copied from the book: "Returns arg as an Array. First tries to call rg.to_ary, then arg.to_a. If both fail, creates a single element array containing arg( or an empty array if arg is nil)." ex.

 Array(1..5)   # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 

From what I understand, the simple version is like this:

• object.to_a tries to convert 'object' to an Array using a class member function.
• Array(object) tries to make a new Array using 'object'.

I can re-define what .to_a means for a given class (it is just another member after all). The Array(...) call is defined in Kernel so it behaves the same for any class. I typically use type conversions of the style Array(...) when I don't know ahead of time what type of object will be passed in. It's better at handling cases where an object doesn't know how to convert itself to an array or can't be converted to an array. If the object to be converted is the result of a long or complex expression, using the Array(...) style is often clearer. I save the .to_a form for instances when I know the class of the object and exactly what to expect from the output of .to_a (mostly instances when I have written or modified the .to_a member function myself).