How to correctly write Try..Finally..Except statements?

Take the following code as a sample:

procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
var
  Obj: TSomeObject;
begin
  Screen.Cursor:= crHourGlass;

  Obj:= TSomeObject.Create;
  try
    // do something
  finally
    Obj.Free;
  end;

  Screen.Cursor:= crDefault;
end;

if there was an error happening in the // do something section, the TSomeObject that was created I assume will not be freed and the Screen.Cursor will still be stuck as an Hour Glass, because the code was broke before getting to those lines?

Now unless I am mistaking, an Exception statement should be in place to deal with any such occurence of an error, something like:

procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
var
  Obj: TSomeObject;
begin
  try
    Screen.Cursor:= crHourGlass;

    Obj:= TSomeObject.Create;
    try
      // do something
    finally
      Obj.Free;
    end;

    Screen.Cursor:= crDefault;
  except on E: Exception do
  begin
    Obj.Free;
    Screen.Cursor:= crDefault;
    ShowMessage('There was an error: ' + E.Message);
  end;
end;

Now unless I am doing something really stupid, there should be no reason to have the same code twice in the Finally block and after, and in the Exception block.

Basically I sometimes have some procedures that may be similar to the first sample I posted, and if I get an 开发者_JAVA百科error the cursor is stuck as an Hour Glass. Adding the Exception handlers help, but it seems a dirty way of doing it - its basically ignoring the Finally block, not to mention ugly code with copy-paste from the Finally to Exception parts.

I am still very much learning Delphi so apologies if this appears to be a straight forward question/answer.

How should the code be correctly written to deal with the Statements and correctly freeing objects and capturing errors etc?

You just need two try/finally blocks:

Screen.Cursor:= crHourGlass;
try
  Obj:= TSomeObject.Create;
  try
    // do something
  finally
    Obj.Free;
  end;
finally
  Screen.Cursor:= crDefault;
end;

The guideline to follow is that you should use finally rather than except for protecting resources. As you have observed, if you attempt to do it with except then you are forced to write the finalising code twice.

Once you enter the try/finally block, the code in the finally section is guaranteed to run, no matter what happens between try and finally.

So, in the code above, the outer try/finally ensures that Screen.Cursor is restored in the face of any exceptions. Likewise the inner try/finally ensures that Obj is destroyed in case of any exceptions being raised during its lifetime.

If you want to handle an exception then you need a distinct try/except block. However, in most cases you should not attempt to handle exceptions. Just let it propagate up to the main application exception handler which will show a message to the user.

If you handle the exception to low down the call chain then the calling code will not know that the code it called has failed.

Your original code isn't quite as bad as you think (it's bad, though):

procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
var
  Obj: TSomeObject;
begin
  Screen.Cursor := crHourGlass;

  Obj := TSomeObject.Create;
  try
    // do something
  finally
    Obj.Free;
  end;

  Screen.Cursor := crDefault;
end;

Obj.Free will be executed no matter what happens when you // do something. Even if an exception occurrs (after try), the finally block will be executed! That is the whole point of the try..finally construct!

But you also want to restore the cursor. The best way is to use two try..finally constructs:

procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
var
  Obj: TSomeObject;
begin

  Screen.Cursor := crHourGlass;
  try
    Obj := TSomeObject.Create;
    try
      // do something
    finally
      Obj.Free;
    end;
  finally
    Screen.Cursor := crDefault;
  end;

end;

As others have explained, you need to protect the cursor change with try finally block. To avoid writing those I use code like this:

unit autoCursor;

interface

uses Controls;

type
  ICursor = interface(IInterface)
  ['{F5B4EB9C-6B74-42A3-B3DC-5068CCCBDA7A}']
  end;

function __SetCursor(const aCursor: TCursor): ICursor;

implementation

uses Forms;

type
  TAutoCursor = class(TInterfacedObject, ICursor)
  private
    FCursor: TCursor;
  public
    constructor Create(const aCursor: TCursor);
    destructor Destroy; override;
  end;

{ TAutoCursor }
constructor TAutoCursor.Create(const aCursor: TCursor);
begin
  inherited Create;
  FCursor := Screen.Cursor;
  Screen.Cursor := aCursor;
end;

destructor TAutoCursor.Destroy;
begin
  Screen.Cursor := FCursor;
  inherited;
end;

function __SetCursor(const aCursor: TCursor): ICursor;
begin
  Result := TAutoCursor.Create(aCursor);
end;

end.

Now you just use it like

uses
   autoCursor;

procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
var
  Obj: TSomeObject;
begin
  __SetCursor(crHourGlass);

  Obj:= TSomeObject.Create;
  try
    // do something
  finally
    Obj.Free;
  end;
end;

and Delphi's reference counted interface mechanism takes care of restoring the cursor.

I think the most "correct" version would be this:

procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
var
  Obj: TSomeObject;
begin
  Obj := NIL;
  Screen.Cursor := crHourGlass;
  try
    Obj := TSomeObject.Create;
    // do something
  finally
    Screen.Cursor := crDefault;
    Obj.Free;
  end;
end;

Having done a lot of code in services/servers that needs to handle exceptions and not kill the app I usually go for something like this:

procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
var
   Obj: TSomeObject;
begin  
     try
        Obj := NIL;
        try
          Screen.Cursor := crHourGlass;
          Obj := TSomeObject.Create;
          // do something
        finally
          Screen.Cursor := crDefault;
          if assigned(Obj) then FreeAndNil(Obj);
        end;
     except
        On E: Exception do ; // Log the exception
     end;
end;

Note the try finally; inside the try except; and the placement of Obj creation.

if the Obj creates other things inside it's constructor, it may work half-way and fail with an exception inside the .create(); but still be a created Obj. So I make sure that the Obj is always destroyed if it's been assigned...

I would do it like this:

var
  savedCursor: TCursor;
  Obj: TSomeObject;
begin
  savedCursor := Screen.Cursor;
  Screen.Cursor := crHourGlass;
  Obj:= TSomeObject.Create;
  try
    try
      // do something
    except
      // record the exception
    end;
  finally
    if Assigned(Obj) then
      Obj.Free;
    Screen.Cursor := savedCursor;
  end;
end;

If you found your way here and were looking for how you make a try-except-finally construct from C# in Delphi:

// C#
try
{
    // Do something
}
catch
{
    // Exception!
}
finally
{
    // Always do this...
}

The answer is that you cannot do this directly. Instead, as @sacconago hints at, nest the try blocks as follows:

// Delphi
try
    try
        // Do something
    except
        // Exception!
    end;
finally
    // Always do this...
end;

One nice feature of Delphi is that you can nest the blocks as try...except...finally or try...finally...except, though the former would be more common.