Scala: Nil vs List()

In Scala, is there any difference at all between Nil and List()?

If not, which one is more idiomatic Scala style? Both for creating new empty lists and patt开发者_运维百科ern matching on empty lists.

scala> println (Nil == List())
true

scala> println (Nil eq List())
true

scala> println (Nil equals List())
true

scala> System.identityHashCode(Nil)
374527572

scala> System.identityHashCode(List())
374527572

Nil is more idiomatic and can be preferred in most cases. Questions?

User unknown has shown that the run time value of both Nil and List() are the same. However, their static type is not:

scala> val x = List()
x: List[Nothing] = List()

scala> val y = Nil
y: scala.collection.immutable.Nil.type = List()

scala> def cmpTypes[A, B](a: A, b: B)(implicit ev: A =:= B = null) = if (ev eq null) false else true
cmpTypes: [A, B](a: A, b: B)(implicit ev: =:=[A,B])Boolean

scala> cmpTypes(x, y)
res0: Boolean = false

scala> cmpTypes(x, x)
res1: Boolean = true

scala> cmpTypes(y, y)
res2: Boolean = true

This is of particular importance when it is used to infer a type, such as in a fold's accumulator:

scala> List(1, 2, 3).foldLeft(List[Int]())((x, y) => y :: x)
res6: List[Int] = List(3, 2, 1)

scala> List(1, 2, 3).foldLeft(Nil)((x, y) => y :: x)
<console>:10: error: type mismatch;
 found   : List[Int]
 required: scala.collection.immutable.Nil.type
       List(1, 2, 3).foldLeft(Nil)((x, y) => y :: x)
                                               ^

As user unknown's answer shows, they are the same object.

Idiomatically Nil should be preferred because it is nice and short. There's an exception though: if an explicit type is needed for whatever reason I think

List[Foo]() 

is nicer than

Nil : List[Foo]