GPGPU vs. Multicore?
What are the key practical differences between GPGPU开发者_Python百科 and regular multicore/multithreaded CPU programming, from the programmer's perspective? Specifically:
What types of problems are better suited to regular multicore and what types are better suited to GPGPU?
What are the key differences in programming model?
What are the key underlying hardware differences that necessitate any differences in programming model?
Which one is typically easier to use and by how much?
Is it practical, in the long term, to implement high level parallelism libraries for the GPU, such as Microsoft's task parallel library or D's std.parallelism?
If GPU computing is so spectacularly efficient, why aren't CPUs designed more like GPUs?
Interesting question. I have researched this very problem so my answer is based on some references and personal experiences.
What types of problems are better suited to regular multicore and what types are better suited to GPGPU?
Like @Jared mentioned. GPGPU are built for very regular throughput workloads, e.g., graphics, dense matrix-matrix multiply, simple photoshop filters, etc. They are good at tolerating long latencies because they are inherently designed to tolerate Texture sampling, a 1000+ cycle operation. GPU cores have a lot of threads: when one thread fires a long latency operation (say a memory access), that thread is put to sleep (and other threads continue to work) until the long latency operation finishes. This allows GPUs to keep their execution units busy a lot more than traditional cores.
GPUs are bad at handling branches because GPUs like to batch "threads" (SIMD lanes if you are not nVidia) into warps and send them down the pipeline together to save on instruction fetch/decode power. If threads encounter a branch, they may diverge, e.g., 2 threads in a 8-thread warp may take the branch while the other 6 may not take it. Now the warp has to be split into two warps of size 2 and 6. If your core has 8 SIMD lanes (which is why original warp pakced 8 threads), now your two newly formed warps will run inefficiently. The 2-thread warp will run at 25% efficiency and the 6-thread warp will run at 75% efficiency. You can imagine that if a GPU continues to encounter nested branches, its efficiency becomes very low. Therefore, GPUs aren't good at handling branches and hence code with branches should not be run on GPUs.
GPUs are also bad a co-operative threading. If threads need to talk to each other then GPUs won't work well because synchronization is not well-supported on GPUs (but nVidia is on it).
Therefore, the worst code for GPU is code with less parallelism or code with lots of branches or synchronization.
What are the key differences in programming model?
GPUs don't support interrupts and exception. To me thats the biggest difference. Other than that CUDA is not very different from C. You can write a CUDA program where you ship code to the GPU and run it there. You access memory in CUDA a bit differently but again thats not fundamental to our discussion.
What are the key underlying hardware differences that necessitate any differences in programming model?
I mentioned them already. The biggest is the SIMD nature of GPUs which requires code to be written in a very regular fashion with no branches and inter-thread communication. This is part of why, e.g., CUDA restricts the number of nested branches in the code.
Which one is typically easier to use and by how much?
Depends on what you are coding and what is your target.
Easily vectorizable code: CPU is easier to code but low performance. GPU is slightly harder to code but provides big bang for the buck. For all others, CPU is easier and often better performance as well.
Is it practical, in the long term, to implement high level parallelism libraries for the GPU, such as Microsoft's task parallel library or D's std.parallelism?
Task-parallelism, by definition, requires thread communication and has branches as well. The idea of tasks is that different threads do different things. GPUs are designed for lots of threads that are doing identical things. I would not build task parallelism libraries for GPUs.
If GPU computing is so spectacularly efficient, why aren't CPUs designed more like GPUs?
Lots of problems in the world are branchy and irregular. 1000s of examples. Graph search algorithms, operating systems, web browsers, etc. Just to add -- even graphics is becoming more and more branchy and general-purpose like every generation so GPUs will be becoming more and more like CPUs. I am not saying they will becomes just like CPUs, but they will become more programmable. The right model is somewhere in-between the power-inefficient CPUs and the very specialized GPUs.
Even in a multi-core CPU, your units of work are going to be much larger than on a GPGPU. GPGPUs are appropriate for problems that scale very well, with each chunk of work being increadibly small. A GPGPU has much higher latency because you have to move data to the GPU's memory system before it can be accessed. However, once the data is there, your throughput, if the problem is appropriately scalable, will be much higher with a GPGPU. In my experience, the problem with GPGPU programming is the latency in getting data from normal memory to the GPGPU.
Also, GPGPUs are horrible at communicating across worker processes if the worker processes don't have a sphere of locality routing. If you're trying to communicate all the way across the GPGPU, you're going to be in a lot of pain. For this reason, standard MPI libraries are a poor fit for GPGPU programming.
All computers aren't designed like GPUs because GPUs are fantastic at high latency, high throughput calculations that are inherently parallel and can be broken down easily. Most of what the CPU doing is not inherently parallel and does not scale to thousands or millions of simultaneous workers very efficiently. Luckily, graphics programming does and that's why all this started in GPUs. People have increasingly been finding problems that they can make look like graphics problems, which has led to the rise of GPGPU programming. However, GPGPU programming is only really worth your time if it is appropriate to your problem domain.
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