Erlang Documentation/SMP: single-node and multi-node per machine or per application, and the confusion that may follow

I'm studying Erlang's process model at the moment. I have hit a snag in a tech report (section 3, paragraph 2) on Erlang:

This explains why it in some cases can be more efficient to run several SMP VM's with one scheduler each instead on one SMP VM with several schedulers. Of course the running of several VM's require that the application can run in many parallel tasks which has no or very little communication with each other.

Now this paragraph is confusing me; I can see the uni-process multiple scheduler scenario, but I am failing to see multiple processes with a single scheduler; Presumably each process would have a different node name, and this would mean a certain application, without modification, cannot be used with this model; the virtue of not requiring modification has been ment开发者_StackOverflow中文版ioned as a key feature of SMP in the report. If the multiple processes have the same node names, than performance would be disastrous due to inter-Erlang-process messaging storms -- this assume the use of in-memory amnesia. Is there some process model that is not introduced in the article and that I am missing here ?

What is the author trying say here ? is he trying to suggest that an application would have to be rewritten (to take multiple unique node-names into account) for the multi-process single-scheduler case ?

-- edit 1: Clarification of Source of Problem --

The question has been answered through discussion; the following is an outline of the trouble I had.

The issue for this question has been that the documentation, as I recall, does not touch on a scenario of running multiple Erlang emulators per physical machine -- it has always been shown that the emulator represents your physical machine (in industrial usage); also, the scenario of having to explicitly partition a program for computational efficiency has never been considered. This sudden introduction has been the source of my woe.

The convention is still biased towards creating LOTS of processes and that the future holds many improvements for the SMP emulator for Erlang, and this means that single node per machine is still a very viable option assuming favourable application design.

Rewrite after reading article:

This explains why it in some cases can be more efficient to run several SMP VM's with one scheduler each instead on one SMP VM with several schedulers.

• Non-SMP VM has no-lock so runs fast.
• Single scheduler SMP VM 10% slower, due to cost of checking locks
• Multiple scheduler SMP VM slower again due to using/waiting for locks

Of course the running of several VM's require that the application can run in many parallel tasks which has no or very little communication with each other.

• I think: Nodes on the same server have to have different names.
• Inter process messaging while by slower due to the inter-process nature verse intra process messaging of a VM node.

If you have multiple schedulers in a single VM, they will inevitably contend over various resources (e.g. ets meta table, atom-table, scheduler run-queue during migration, etc.) because of the inner architecture. If you have a single scheduler, contention will obviously not occur. Lock checking and acquiring will still be done though, so running a non SMP VM instead shall yield even better performance (but requires a rebuilding of the VM from source).

Take a four-core machine for example. Option one means that you run four instances of the Erlang VM, each with a single scheduler, affinity set to different processor cores. Option two means running a single Erlang VM with four schedulers, each scheduler's affinity set to different processor cores.

If you have a whole lot of independent processes to run, option two will result in better performance, because the four cores will be fully utilized (theoretically). In contrast, in option one, this won't be possible, because the lock contention will make execution on cores wait for each other every now and then.

On the other hand if your processes need to chatter a lot, option one is the way to go because the inter-process communication is way cheaper than communication between different VMs. You gain more with this than you lose with lock contention.

I believe the answer is in the preceding paragraph:

The SMP VM with only one scheduler is slightly slower (10%) than the non SMP VM. This is because the SMP VM need to use locks for all shared datastructures. But as long as there are no lock-conflicts the overhead caused by locking is not that high (it is the lock conflicts that takes time).

Scheduler's reliance on locks for shared data structures can impose an overhead on a given system. It seems to follow that having multiple schedulers on one SMP VM imposes a collectively greater overhead.

There are some advatanges with several nodes on one physical machine.

1) Resource locking overhead as mentioned.

2) Fail-over. In telecom products you really don't want to have the beam come crashing down on you. If you have NIFs or linked-in drivers in your system this might occur.

3) Memory locality. Few nodes gives you a poor-mans way to force processes to a few cores. This could be a big boost for NUMA archs typically but also for SMP. The scheduler don't take NUMA into account (yet). You can spawn a process to a specific scheduler and lock it to it, it won't migrate but that is an undocumented feature ... or it was removed all together. I forget.

With several nodes you will need a load balancer between the nodes of course but that is the usual way to do it anyways. Some logic that supervises the nodes.

However, the numbers from the EUC papers are over a year old [@] and I wouldn't recommend a multi-node approach if you don't really need it. The runtime system is much better at handling these types of problems today. A lot of lock overhead has been removed and the mrq-scheduler has been improved.

@ 2009's numbers look like this.

Edit:

Regarding 3) the spawn feature i mentioned is,

spawn_opt(fun() -> ... end, [{scheduler, Id}]) -> pid(),
    where Id is an integer and refers to a specific scheduler.

I wouldn't recommend using it since it undocumented.