Can Perl detect arrays?

I have this script

#!/usr/bin/perl

use warnings;
use stri开发者_开发知识库ct;
use Data::Dumper;

my %x1 = ();
$x1{"a"} = "e";

my %x2 = ();
$x2{"a"} = ["b","c"];

p(\%x1);
p(\%x2);

sub p {
    my $x = shift @_;
    print $x->{a};
    print "\n";
}

which outputs

e
ARRAY(0x2603fa0)

The problem is I don't know when the input is an array or a scalar, and when it is an array I would like to print those values as well.

Can p be modified to do this?

Yes, perl can detect what type a variable is. Use the ref() function. For example:

if (ref($var) eq 'ARRAY') {
   # Do stuff
}

See more in this perlmonks discussion.

There are several ways to detect an array in Perl, each with different functionality.

Given the following variables:

my $array    = [1, 2, 3];
my $arrayobj = bless [1, 2, 3] => 'ARRAY';
my $object   = bless [1, 2, 3] => 'Some::Object';
my $overload = bless {array => [1, 2, 3]} => 'Can::Be::Array';
{package Can::Be::Array;
    use overload fallback => 1, '@{}' => sub {$_[0]{array}}  
}

• the ref builtin function

  ref $array    eq 'ARRAY'
  ref $arrayobj eq 'ARRAY'
  ref $object   eq 'Some::Object'
  ref $overload eq 'Can::Be::Array'
  

• the reftype function from the core module Scalar::Util

  reftype $array    eq 'ARRAY'
  reftype $arrayobj eq 'ARRAY'
  reftype $object   eq 'ARRAY'
  reftype $overload eq 'HASH'
  

• the blessed function from Scalar::Util which primarily is used to determine if a variable contains an object that you can call methods on.

  blessed $array    eq undef
  blessed $arrayobj eq 'ARRAY'
  blessed $object   eq 'Some::Object'
  blessed $overload eq 'Can::Be::Array'
  

• catching an exception

  my $x = eval {\@$array   } or die $@;  # ok
  my $x = eval {\@$arrayobj} or die $@;  # ok
  my $x = eval {\@$object}   or die $@;  # ok
  my $x = eval {\@$overload} or die $@;  # also ok, since overloaded
  

In the last example, the \@ pair dereferences the argument as an ARRAY, and then immediately takes the reference to it. This is a transparent operation that returns the same value if that value is an ARRAY. If the value is overloaded, it will return the array ref that the module created. However, if the value can not be dereferenced as an ARRAY, perl will throw an exception.

If you need the answer dynamically, use the ref function.

If you just want to pretty print a variable, replace your print ... with print Dumper ...:

$Data::Dumper::Indent = 0;
print Dumper($x);

Output for your example would be:

$VAR1 = {'a' => 'e'};
$VAR1 = {'a' => ['b','c']};